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Software engineering guides
Deep reads on one subject at a time, free and without an account. Pick a topic below, or start with one of the beginner guides.
476 guides · 6 topics
Updated · Written by the SevyDevy team
In short
SevyDevy Learn has 476 free guides across 6 topics: System design, AI and GenAI, Backend, Frontend, DSA, Interview prep. A guide goes deep on one subject, such as RAG pipelines or rate limiting. It opens with a short answer, explains the reasons with diagrams and tables, and ends with interview questions you can practise.
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New to a topic? Read one of these first.
System Design for Beginners: A Visual Roadmap from Requirements to Real Systems
A practical visual guide to system design for beginners, covering requirements, APIs, data modeling, architecture, scaling, reliability, observability, and real-world examples.
Read the guide · 22 minBackend Engineering from First Principles
A detailed guide to backend engineering from first principles. Learn how backend systems really work beyond CRUD APIs, including requests, HTTP, routing, authentication, validation, business logic, databases, caching, queues, observability, security, scaling, testing, OpenAPI, webhooks, and DevOps.
Read the guide · 18 minIntroduction to GenAI System Design: How AI Systems Actually Work in Production
A practical deep dive into GenAI system design covering LLMs, RAG, cost optimization, latency trade-offs, and real-world architecture patterns.
Read the guide · 15 minHow to Use DSA’s 25 Core Patterns: A Visual Guide with Creative Diagrams and Detailed Explanations
A detailed visual guide to the 25 core DSA patterns, covering how to identify them, when to use them, how they connect, and how to think like an interviewer using creative diagrams.
Read the guide · 20 min
System design
Real systems, from rate limiters and distributed systems to data infrastructure.
- Auction System Design: Proxy Bids, Anti-Sniping and a Consistent Top BidSystem design · A plain-English guide to auction system design: proxy bids and increments, bid storms near the close, anti-sniping soft close, race-free top bids in PostgreSQL and Redis, and safe closing, shown on one running example of an online watch auction.30 min read · Updated 29 Oct 2026
- Bot Detection System Design: Signals, Risk Scores and Tiered ResponsesSystem design · A plain-English guide to bot detection system design: the signals worth collecting, how a risk score picks between allow, throttle, challenge and block, where fingerprinting meets privacy limits, and how to measure false positives, shown on one running example of a festive-sale signup and login flow.29 min read · Updated 29 Oct 2026
- Facebook TAO Explained: Objects, Associations and Leader-Follower CachingSystem design · A plain-English guide to Facebook TAO: how objects and associations model the social graph, how leader and follower cache tiers sit over sharded MySQL and what eventual consistency cost, shown on one running example of a hostel wifi post and its comments.26 min read · Updated 29 Oct 2026
- Classifieds Marketplace System Design: Expiry, Geo Search and Scam ChecksSystem design · A plain-English guide to classifieds marketplace system design: listing lifecycle and expiry, nearby search with PostGIS and Redis, search index sync, duplicate and scam checks, seller ratings and paid boosts, shown on one running example of a city classifieds site.26 min read · Updated 28 Oct 2026
- Google Cloud's October 2026 London Outage Explained: Why Backup Power FailedSystem design · A plain-English guide to the Google Cloud outage in London on 20 October 2026: why the backup generators never started, how one zone's loss slowed the region, and how to design and test for zone failure, shown on one running example of a payments app.19 min read · Updated 28 Oct 2026
- Near-Duplicate Detection: Shingles, MinHash, SimHash and LSH at ScaleSystem design · A plain-English guide to near-duplicate detection: shingles, Jaccard similarity, MinHash, SimHash, LSH banding and thresholds, shown on one running example of a news app removing repeated stories.28 min read · Updated 28 Oct 2026
- Columnar Databases Explained: Why Analytics Queries Read Less DataSystem design · A plain-English guide to columnar databases: column storage, dictionary and run-length compression, row groups with min-max statistics, vectorised execution and why single-row writes are slow, shown on one running example of a food delivery orders table.21 min read · Updated 27 Oct 2026
- Subscription Billing System Design: Proration, Dunning and Grace PeriodsSystem design · A plain-English guide to subscription billing system design: plans and entitlements, proration maths on upgrades and downgrades, dunning retries, grace periods, webhooks and RBI e-mandate rules, shown on one running example of a project-management app.22 min read · Updated 27 Oct 2026
- GitHub's October 2026 Actions Outage Explained: A Retry Storm on a Shared LinkSystem design · A plain-English guide to the GitHub Actions outage of 19 October 2026: the reconnect storm, the shared network link it overloaded and the rate limit left in shadow mode, shown on a runnable simulation.22 min read · Updated 26 Oct 2026
- Feature Flag System Design: Sticky Rollouts, Safe Defaults and Kill SwitchesSystem design · A plain-English guide to feature flag system design: targeting rules, sticky percentage rollouts, local evaluation, outages, kill switches and flag debt, shown on one running example of a food delivery checkout.24 min read · Updated 25 Oct 2026
- Presence System Design: Heartbeats, Last Seen, Fan-Out and PrivacySystem design · A plain-English guide to presence system design: heartbeats and TTL keys for online status, last seen without a write storm, contact fan-out and privacy rules, shown on one running example of a chat app.25 min read · Updated 25 Oct 2026
- Splitwise System Design: LLD for Splits, Balances and Debt SimplificationSystem design · A plain-English guide to Splitwise system design at the class level: groups, expenses, three split rules in paise, net balances and greedy debt simplification, shown on one running example of four flatmates sharing bills.23 min read · Updated 25 Oct 2026
- Trending Topics System Design: Count-Min Sketch, Top-K and Time DecaySystem design · A plain-English guide to trending topics system design: Count-Min Sketch counting, top-k lists, time decay, per-city boards and keeping bots out, shown on one running example of a social app's trending box.25 min read · Updated 25 Oct 2026
- The 2017 AWS S3 Outage Explained: One Typo, Four HoursSystem design · A plain-English guide to the 2017 AWS S3 outage: the mistyped command, why it spread, why recovery was slow and what AWS changed, shown on one running example of an online print shop.23 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Backpressure Explained: Slowing Producers Before Queues ExplodeSystem design · A plain-English guide to backpressure: why queues blow up when producers outrun consumers, and how bounded queues, pull, load shedding and 429s fix it, built on one running SMS gateway example.20 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Batch vs Stream Processing Explained: Late Data, Lambda and KappaSystem design · A plain-English guide to batch vs stream processing: daily jobs, live windows, late data and watermarks, and the Lambda and Kappa architectures, shown on one running example of a rooftop-solar monitoring service.25 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Blob Storage Design: How an S3-Style Store Keeps Files SafeSystem design · A plain-English guide to blob storage design: chunks, metadata, copies, erasure coding and repair, shown on one running example of a team storing 400 TB of customer files.25 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Calendar System Design: Recurring Events and Time ZonesSystem design · A plain-English guide to calendar system design: recurring events as rules, exceptions, time zones, daylight saving, reminders and week views, shown on one running example of a weekly family video call.24 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Cassandra Consistency Explained: Levels, Quorums and RepairSystem design · A plain-English guide to Cassandra consistency levels, how reads and writes wait for replicas, and how to pick a level per query, built on one running farm-sensor example.19 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Clock Synchronization Explained: Why Server Timestamps Lie and What to DoSystem design · A plain-English guide to clock synchronization: why server clocks drift, how NTP corrects them, why timestamps still lie, and what TrueTime does, built on one running cardamom auction example.26 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Design Google Docs: OT vs CRDTsSystem design · A plain-English guide to collaborative editing that compares operational transformation and CRDTs, shown on one running example of a small-team document editor.20 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Event Sourcing and CDC: Store Events, Derive StateSystem design · A plain-English guide to event sourcing, change data capture and the outbox pattern, built on one running example of a prepaid society wallet in Ahmedabad.26 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- The 2021 Facebook Outage Explained: BGP and DNSSystem design · A plain-English guide to the 2021 Facebook outage, from the backbone command and the BGP withdrawals to the DNS loss and the slow recovery, shown on one running example of a regional internet provider.19 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Fallacies of Distributed Computing: Crash, Omission, ByzantineSystem design · A plain-English guide to the eight fallacies of distributed computing and the failure models behind them, built on one running drone fleet example.20 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Design Dropbox or Google Drive: File Sync System DesignSystem design · A plain-English guide to file sync system design: chunking, uploads, change journals, conflicts and storage maths, shown on one running example of a shared office folder.26 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Design a Food Delivery App: Orders, Riders and PaymentsSystem design · A plain-English guide to food delivery system design: order states, payments that never charge twice, rider dispatch, live tracking and the dinner rush, shown on one running example of a city food delivery app.30 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- How Kafka Works Internally: Log, Partitions and ReplicasSystem design · A plain-English tour of Kafka internals: the log, partitions, offsets, replicas, broker failure and consumer groups, built on one running bus telematics example.22 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- The Knight Capital Glitch Explained: Dead Code and a Bad DeploySystem design · A plain-English walk through the 2012 Knight Capital glitch: the missed server, the reused flag, the rollback that made it worse and the lessons, shown on one running example of a trading team's release.18 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Design a Live Cricket Score System That Survives an IPL FinalSystem design · A plain-English guide to live score system design: how one ball update reaches millions of phones in about a second, built on one running cricket app example.20 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Design a Distributed Monitoring System: Metrics and AlertsSystem design · A plain-English guide to monitoring system design: collecting metrics from thousands of servers, storing them cheaply and sending alerts people trust, shown on one running hosting example.28 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Optimistic vs Pessimistic Locking: Version Numbers vs LocksSystem design · A plain-English guide to optimistic and pessimistic concurrency control, version checks, row locks and when to use each, built on one running pharmacy inventory example.28 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Orchestration vs Choreography: Who Runs Your Microservices?System design · A plain-English guide to orchestration and choreography in microservices: how each runs a saga, handles failed steps and crashes, and when to mix them, shown on one running example of a vet booking app.19 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Design an OTT Streaming Platform for Live SportSystem design · A plain-English guide to OTT system design for live sport: segments, playlists, CDN caching and plans for match-day spikes, shown on one running example of a sports streaming app in India.25 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Payment System Design: Ledgers, Idempotency and ReconciliationSystem design · A plain-English guide to payment system design: double-entry ledgers, duplicate-proof payments, pending UPI payments, reconciliation and settlement, shown on one running example of a UPI QR payments company.25 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Design a Quick-Commerce App (10-Minute Delivery)System design · A plain-English guide to designing a 10-minute grocery app, from dark stores and live per-store stock to safe holds and restocking, built on one running Delhi example.20 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Design a Ticket Booking System: Seat Locks and Flash SalesSystem design · A plain-English guide to designing a movie and concert ticket booking system, from seat holds and payments to flash sales, built on one running Mumbai example.26 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Design a Ride-Hailing App Like Uber: Matching and SurgeSystem design · A plain-English guide to designing a ride-hailing app like Uber or Ola: live driver locations, matching and surge pricing, built on one running example in Guwahati.25 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Design WhatsApp: Delivery Receipts, Groups and EncryptionSystem design · A plain-English guide to WhatsApp system design: open connections, offline inboxes, honest delivery ticks, group fan-out with sender keys and end-to-end encryption, shown on one running example of a family and small-business chat app.25 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- AWS US-EAST-1 Outage (October 2025) Explained: How a DNS Race Broke DynamoDBSystem design · A plain-English guide to the AWS us-east-1 outage of 19 and 20 October 2025: how a DNS automation race emptied DynamoDB's record and how EC2 and load balancers followed, shown on one running example of a bill-payments app.21 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Google Cloud Storage's October 2026 Outage Explained: Bypassed Capacity ChecksSystem design · A plain-English guide to the Google Cloud Storage outage of October 2026: how a routing change skipped capacity checks, and how to retry writes safely, shown on one running example of a billing app saving daily reports.22 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Postgres MVCC Explained: Row Versions, Dead Tuples and VACUUMSystem design · A plain-English guide to Postgres MVCC: row versions with xmin and xmax, snapshots, dead tuples, VACUUM, autovacuum and wraparound, shown on one running example of a food delivery orders table.21 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Design Distributed Search: Inverted Indexes and ShardsSystem design · A plain-English guide to distributed search: how an inverted index works, and how shards, replicas and a coordinator spread search across machines, built on one running marketplace example.25 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- Autocomplete System Design: Tries, Ranking and LatencySystem design · A plain-English guide to autocomplete system design: tries with ready-made top suggestions, ranking from search logs and a tight latency budget, shown on one running example of a home-goods marketplace.25 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Back-of-the-Envelope Estimation for System DesignSystem design · A plain-English guide to back-of-the-envelope estimation: the latency numbers to know and how to turn daily users into requests per second, storage, bandwidth and servers, shown on one running example of a family photo-sharing app.29 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- CAP Theorem vs PACELC: The Latency Half CAP Leaves OutSystem design · A plain-English guide to the CAP theorem and PACELC, showing what CAP says about network splits and the everyday latency trade-off it leaves out, built on one running homestay booking example.25 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- How a CDN Works: Push vs Pull, Cache Keys and PurgesSystem design · A plain-English guide to how a CDN works: edge servers, push and pull, cache keys, TTLs, purges and a test edge you can run, shown on one running example of a streaming app's premiere night.28 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Circuit Breaker Pattern: Fail Fast When a Dependency Is SickSystem design · A plain-English guide to the circuit breaker pattern: its three states, trip rules, fallbacks and retries, shown on one running example of an online shop's payment gateway.20 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Consistency Models: From Linearizable to EventualSystem design · A plain-English guide to consistency models: linearizable to eventual, each step shown with a real system and one feature of a live sports app.26 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Consistent Hashing Explained: Add Nodes Without a ReshuffleSystem design · A plain-English guide to consistent hashing, from the hash mod N trap to rings, virtual nodes and bounded loads, built on one running image cache example.24 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Leader Election, Leases and Distributed LocksSystem design · A plain-English guide to distributed locks, leases, fencing tokens and leader election with Redis, ZooKeeper and etcd, built on one running warehouse software example.26 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Design a Distributed Task Scheduler: Cron at ScaleSystem design · A plain-English guide to designing a distributed task scheduler: due-job polling, row locks, leases, duplicate checks, retries and priorities, shown on one running example of a bill and EMI reminder service.26 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Delivery Guarantees: At-Most, At-Least and Exactly-OnceSystem design · A plain-English guide to at-most-once, at-least-once and exactly-once delivery, and why exactly-once is really effectively-once, built on one running loyalty points example.22 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Quadtrees and Geohashes: How Apps Find Nearby Riders FastSystem design · A plain-English guide to spatial indexing with geohashes and quadtrees, built on one running example: a Pune bike-taxi app finding the nearest free rider.24 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Design a Key-Value Store: A Dynamo-Style GuideSystem design · A plain-English guide to key-value store design in the Dynamo style: partitioning, copies, quorums, conflicts and repair, shown on one running example of an online marketplace's shopping carts.26 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Lamport Clocks and Vector Clocks: Ordering Without a ClockSystem design · A plain-English guide to Lamport clocks and vector clocks: how devices order events without a shared clock, spot concurrent edits and merge them. It uses one running example of an offline notes app.25 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Load Balancers Explained: L4 vs L7, Global vs LocalSystem design · A plain-English guide to load balancers: L4 vs L7, algorithms, health checks, sticky sessions and global routing, with nginx and HAProxy behaviour we tested, shown on one running ticketing site example.30 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- News Feed System Design: Fan-Out, Celebrities and RankingSystem design · A plain-English guide to news feed system design: fan-out on write vs fan-out on read, the celebrity problem, feed caches and where ranking fits, built on one running social app example.24 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Non-Functional Requirements: Availability, Reliability, ScalabilitySystem design · A plain-English guide to non-functional requirements that turns fast, reliable and scalable into measurable targets, using one running stock-trading app example.23 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Notification System Design: Push, SMS and Email, Done RightSystem design · A plain-English guide to notification system design: push, SMS and email, preferences, priority lanes, safe retries and duplicate checks, shown on one running example of a home-services booking app.26 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Design an Online Judge (LeetCode-Style) for Contest ScaleSystem design · A beginner-friendly guide to designing a LeetCode-style online judge, from the submission queue and sandbox to verdicts, fair timing and contest spikes, built on one running example of a weekly contest site.24 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Design a Proximity Service: Nearby Restaurants at ScaleSystem design · A plain-English guide to proximity service design: geohash cells, the 9-cell search, Redis geo sets, replicas and caches, shown on one running example of a food app in Indore.24 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Raft Consensus Explained: Leader Election and Log ReplicationSystem design · A plain-English guide to Raft consensus: state machine replication, leader election, log replication, safety, stale reads and pre-vote, shown on one running example of a config store.29 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Retry, Backoff and Jitter: How to Avoid a Retry StormSystem design · A plain-English guide to retries, exponential backoff and jitter, and how to avoid causing a retry storm, shown on one running example of a weather data API.19 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Sagas: Distributed Transactions Without 2PCSystem design · A plain-English guide to the saga pattern, covering compensating steps, step order, safe retries and isolation gaps, built on one running online shop example.23 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Sharding Strategies: Range, Hash, Directory and Hot KeysSystem design · A plain-English guide to range, hash and directory sharding, choosing a shard key and fixing hot keys, built on one running example of a music streaming app.28 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Short Video App System Design: Infinite Feed and PrefetchingSystem design · A plain-English guide to designing a short-video feed: endless paging, prefetching the next swipe and fast-starting segments, shown on one running example of a dance-video app.23 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Two-Phase Commit and Its Problems: Why 2PC BlocksSystem design · A plain-English guide to two-phase commit, why it blocks when the coordinator fails, and what three-phase commit tries to fix, built on one running bank transfer example.24 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Design a Unique ID Generator (Snowflake): Sortable IDsSystem design · A plain-English guide to designing a unique ID generator like Snowflake, built on one running example of a Lucknow story-sharing app.26 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- URL Shortener System Design: Keys, Redirects and ClicksSystem design · A plain-English guide to designing a URL shortener, from short keys and fast redirects to click analytics, built on one running SMS campaign example.24 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- YouTube System Design: Upload, Transcode and StreamSystem design · A plain-English guide to designing a YouTube-like video platform, from resumable uploads to transcoding and adaptive streaming, shown on one running example of a regional video app.28 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Database Replication: Primary-Backup, Multi-Primary and QuorumsSystem design · A plain-English guide to database replication, from primary-backup and failover to multi-primary and quorums, built on one running payments ledger example.26 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Design an Ad Click Aggregator: Counting Each Click OnceSystem design · A plain-English guide to ad click aggregator design: removing duplicate clicks, counting each click in the minute it happened and surviving crashes, shown on one running example of an ad network that bills per click.28 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- The 2020 AWS Kinesis Outage Explained: Threads and LessonsSystem design · A plain-English guide to the November 2020 AWS Kinesis outage: the thread limit behind it, why recovery was slow, how it spread and the design lessons, shown on one running example of a clickstream analytics pipeline.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- How Bigtable and HBase Work: LSM Trees and TabletsSystem design · A plain-English guide to how Bigtable and HBase store data with LSM trees, compaction and tablets, built on one running air-quality sensor example.26 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Block vs File vs Object Storage: Which Fits Which JobSystem design · A plain-English guide to block, file and object storage, what each is good at and how to choose, built on one running cooperative bank example.27 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- CQRS Explained: Separate Reads and Writes Only When It PaysSystem design · A plain-English guide to CQRS: what it is, how a separate read model stays in sync, how to handle lag, and when it is not worth it, shown on one running example of a doctor booking app.24 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Design a Code Deployment System: Build, Artifacts, RolloutSystem design · A plain-English guide to deployment system design: the build, the artifact store, gradual rollout and automatic rollback, shown on one running example of a lending company's payout service.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Design Patterns Every Engineer Should KnowSystem design · A plain-English guide to creational, structural and behavioural design patterns in Java, and when not to use them, shown on one running example of an online saree store's checkout.29 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Design a Distributed Logging SystemSystem design · A plain-English guide to designing a distributed logging system that collects, ships, stores and searches logs, built on one running payments app example.27 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- How Amazon DynamoDB Works: Partitions, Capacity and DurabilitySystem design · A plain-English guide to DynamoDB architecture: how partitions, request routers, adaptive capacity and three-way copies work, shown on one running example of an online shop's festival sale counter.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- How Google Spanner Works: TrueTime and Global ConsistencySystem design · A plain-English guide to how Google Spanner uses TrueTime, atomic clocks, commit wait and Paxos to give one global order to transactions, shown on one running example of a remittance ledger.24 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Gossip Protocols and Failure DetectionSystem design · A plain-English guide to gossip protocols and failure detection, from heartbeats to SWIM and phi accrual, built on one running cache cluster example.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Hotel Booking System Design: Search and No Double BookingsSystem design · A plain-English guide to hotel booking system design: storing room nights, fast date search and stopping double bookings, shown on one running example of a homestay booking app.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Instagram System Design: Photos, Stories and the FeedSystem design · A plain-English guide to Instagram system design: photo uploads, storage, CDN delivery, post IDs and 24-hour stories, shown on one running example of a regional photo-sharing app.27 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Design a Gaming Leaderboard with Sorted Sets and Live RanksSystem design · A plain-English guide to leaderboard system design: sorted sets, fair tie-breaks, city and weekly boards, safe score updates and sharding, shown on one running example of a nightly trivia quiz.28 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- MapReduce vs Spark: Disk, Memory and What RDDs ChangedSystem design · A plain-English guide to MapReduce vs Spark: why one writes to disk between steps, how RDDs keep data in memory and recover with lineage, built on one running crop-yield example.23 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Music Streaming System Design: Build an App Like SpotifySystem design · A plain-English guide to music streaming system design: the catalogue, fast playback, offline downloads and play counting, shown on one running example of a Bengali and Hindi music app.27 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- How Facebook Scaled Memcache: Leases, Regions, InvalidationsSystem design · A plain-English guide to scaling memcache the way Facebook did: leases, a commit-log delete pipeline, Gutter servers and remote markers, shown on one running example of a two-region social app.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Sharded Counters: Counting Likes at ScaleSystem design · A plain-English guide to sharded counters, which split one hot like count into many small counters, built on one running example of a short-video app.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- SOLID Principles Explained: One Java Codebase, Five RulesSystem design · A plain-English guide to the five SOLID principles: what each rule means, the smell it fixes and when to skip it, shown on one running example of a bill-splitting app for flatmates.28 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Design a Stock Trading App: Order Matching and Market DataSystem design · A plain-English guide to stock trading system design: order matching, crash-safe engines, market data and pre-trade checks, shown on one running example of a broker app.26 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Transaction Isolation Levels: From Dirty Reads to Write SkewSystem design · A plain-English guide to transaction isolation levels and the anomalies each one allows, from dirty reads to write skew, built on one running hall booking example.24 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Design a Web Crawler: Politeness, Dedup and the URL FrontierSystem design · A plain-English guide to web crawler system design: the URL frontier, politeness rules and de-duplication, shown on one running example of an Indian-language search engine.27 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- How ZooKeeper Works: Znodes, Watches and ZABSystem design · A plain-English guide to how ZooKeeper works, from znodes and watches to leader election and the ZAB protocol, built on one running batch-job scheduler example.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- LLD: Design an ATM, With Transactions and Failure StatesSystem design · A beginner-friendly low-level design of an ATM in Java, covering classes, states, the withdrawal flow and every failure state, built on one running example of a white-label ATM fleet.18 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- LLD: Design a Car Rental SystemSystem design · A plain-English guide to car rental LLD: the classes, the date overlap rule, reserving without double booking, states, database guards and one-way trips, shown on one running example of a two-hub rental service.25 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Chess LLD: Design a Chess Game in Java, Pieces to CheckmateSystem design · A plain-English guide to chess LLD: Java classes for pieces, board, moves, legal-move checks, special moves, draws and perft testing, shown on one running example of an online club chess app.30 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Cricket Scoreboard LLD: Overs, Wickets and Live Updates in JavaSystem design · A plain-English guide to cricket scoreboard LLD: the Java classes for overs, extras, wickets, strike, undo and live updates, shown on one running example of a gully cricket scoring app.28 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- LLD: Design an Elevator SystemSystem design · A plain-English guide to elevator low level design: the classes, the LOOK scheduling rule, the state pattern and a dispatcher in runnable Java, shown on one running example of a two-car tower.20 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Apache Flink: Watermarks and Exactly-Once StreamsSystem design · A plain-English guide to Flink watermarks, late events and exactly-once results after a crash, built on one running example of a live city-wide running leaderboard.26 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Frontend Error Monitoring: Catching Crashes on Millions of PhonesSystem design · A plain-English guide to frontend error monitoring: how apps catch crashes on phones and browsers, send them home, decode them and group them, shown on one running example of a shopping app.26 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- How GFS and HDFS Work: Chunks, One Master, Relaxed RulesSystem design · A plain-English guide to how GFS and HDFS store huge files as replicated chunks under one master, built on one running film archive example.27 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Hotel Management LLD: Rooms, Bookings and BillingSystem design · A plain-English guide to hotel management LLD: the classes, half-open stays, a per-night free-room check, booking states and a Java folio for checkout, shown on one running example of a 60-room hotel.29 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Library Management LLD: Members, Loans and FinesSystem design · A plain-English guide to library management LLD: plans, copies, loans, late fines, holds, renewals and database guards against double issues, shown on one running example of a nine-branch lending library.26 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Meeting Scheduler LLD: Overlaps, Rooms and Clean ClassesSystem design · A plain-English guide to meeting scheduler low-level design in Java: overlap checks, fast clash lookup, room choice and safe booking, shown on one running example of a co-working booking app.28 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Movie Ticket Booking LLD: Design the Classes and Seat LocksSystem design · A plain-English guide to movie ticket booking LLD: the classes, where seat status lives, expiring holds and per-show locks in Java, shown on one running example of a cinema chain.28 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Design a Collaborative Workspace Like Notion: The Block ModelSystem design · A plain-English guide to Notion system design: the block data model, saving and live sync, sharding and permissions, shown on one running example of a workspace app for creative agencies.25 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- LLD: Design a Parking Lot (Classes, States, Walkthrough)System design · A plain-English guide to parking lot low level design: classes, spot states, safe spot claims across gates, fees and the interview walkthrough, shown on one running example of a four-floor hospital car park.27 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Why Consensus Is Hard: FLP, Two Generals and PaxosSystem design · A plain-English guide to distributed consensus: the Two Generals and Byzantine Generals problems, the FLP impossibility result and how Paxos works, shown on one running example of a five-server configuration store.25 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Design a Price Tracker: Polling, Alerts and CachingSystem design · A plain-English guide to price tracker system design: adaptive polling, polite fetching, caching, price history and alerts that never repeat, shown on one running example of an electronics price alert app.27 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Design a Q&A Site Like Quora: Questions, Answers and RankingSystem design · A plain-English guide to Quora system design: storage, vote counting, answer ranking, duplicate questions, search and the feed, shown on one running example of a Hindi-first Q&A site.29 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- LLD: Design a Restaurant Ordering SystemSystem design · A plain-English guide to restaurant management LLD: classes, table and dish states, a fair kitchen queue, duplicate-order guards and exact bills, shown on one running example of a 30-table family restaurant.22 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- LLD: Design an Online Stock Brokerage, With Orders and PortfoliosSystem design · A plain-English guide to stock brokerage LLD: classes, order states, cash and share holds, portfolio updates and watchlists, shown on one running example of an online broker's trading app.20 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- UML for LLD Interviews: Class and Sequence DiagramsSystem design · A plain-English guide to the UML class diagram for LLD interviews: the symbols, the six relationships, one sequence diagram and the Java they become, shown on one running example of a turf booking app.24 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- LLD: Design a Vending Machine with the State PatternSystem design · A plain-English guide to vending machine LLD: the states, the state pattern in Java, change making, refunds and power-cut recovery, on one running example of a Bengaluru snack machine fleet.20 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Design Video Conferencing Like Zoom: SFU vs MCU and WebRTCSystem design · A plain-English guide to video conferencing system design, from WebRTC call setup to SFUs, MCUs, scaling and encryption, built on one running telehealth example.23 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Monorepo Version Control at Scale Explained: Why Git Struggles with Agent MergesSystem design · A plain-English guide to monorepo version control at scale: why git struggles when agents merge thousands of changes a day, what partial clone, sparse checkout and server-side systems fix, shown on one running example of a payments monorepo.19 min read · Updated 19 Oct 2026
- Design a Rate Limiter: Token Bucket, Sliding Window and RedisSystem design · A complete system design interview answer for a distributed rate limiter: requirements, token bucket vs leaky bucket vs sliding window, Redis with atomic Lua scripts, headers, failure modes and scaling.14 min read · Updated 4 Oct 2026
- System Design for Beginners: A Visual Roadmap from Requirements to Real SystemsSystem design · A practical visual guide to system design for beginners, covering requirements, APIs, data modeling, architecture, scaling, reliability, observability, and real-world examples.22 min read · Updated 6 May 2026
- Distributed Systems: What They Don’t Teach You (Real-World Engineering Guide)System design · A senior-engineer-level deep dive into distributed systems covering real-world trade-offs, hidden challenges, and production lessons.14 min read · Updated 20 Mar 2026
- Introduction to GenAI System Design: How AI Systems Actually Work in ProductionSystem design · A practical deep dive into GenAI system design covering LLMs, RAG, cost optimization, latency trade-offs, and real-world architecture patterns.15 min read · Updated 20 Mar 2026
- System Design of Data Infrastructure: How Data Systems Work at ScaleSystem design · A deep dive into designing data infrastructure systems covering ingestion, storage, processing, pipelines, and real-world production trade-offs.16 min read · Updated 20 Mar 2026
- AI-Powered Code Assistant System Design: How Copilot-Like Systems WorkSystem design · A deep dive into designing AI-powered code assistants covering LLMs, context retrieval, latency optimization, and real-world production architecture.16 min read · Updated 20 Mar 2026
- System Design Principles for Frontend EngineersSystem design · Essential system design concepts tailored for frontend engineers, covering scalability, performance, and architectural patterns.11 min read · Updated 25 Jan 2026
AI and GenAI
RAG, vector databases, LLM serving, MCP and how AI systems run in production.
- PyTorch 2.15 Explained: What Breaks When You Upgrade and How to Fix ItAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to PyTorch 2.15: the Python 3.10 cut-off, nested-tensor checkpoints, the rewritten NCCL backend and the smaller changes that fail tests, shown on one running example of a nightly text-classifier training job.18 min read · Updated 1 Nov 2026
- Contextual Retrieval Explained: Chunk Context, Index Cost and RecallAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to contextual retrieval: why chunks lose meaning when split, how a short context line helps BM25 and embedding search, what it costs at index time and which cheaper fixes to try first, shown on one running example of an insurance helpdesk bot.24 min read · Updated 31 Oct 2026
- Multi-LoRA Serving Explained: Batching Many Fine-Tunes on One Base ModelAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to multi-LoRA serving: why one base model can carry many small adapters, how much memory each adapter needs, how one batch mixes adapters, and the vLLM limits that matter, shown on one running example of an edtech assistant for 100 coaching institutes.23 min read · Updated 29 Oct 2026
- State Space Models Explained: Linear-Time Sequences with a Fixed-Size StateAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to state space models: the linear recurrence, discretisation, the convolution and recurrent views, selective updates, parallel scans, memory maths against a KV cache and the exact-recall limit, shown on one running example of a long-transcript summariser.27 min read · Updated 29 Oct 2026
- DuckDB Agent Mode Explained: How the CLI Detects and Adapts to AI AgentsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to DuckDB agent mode in DuckDB 2.0: how the command-line tool spots an AI coding agent, what it prints instead, what DuckDB's own test saved, and how to copy the idea, shown on one running example of an agent checking a sales file.20 min read · Updated 28 Oct 2026
- Hydra's October 2026 Instantiate Vulnerability Explained: Config Is CodeAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to the Hydra instantiate vulnerability: how _target_ turns config into code, why the blocklist fixes kept being bypassed and why allowlists win, shown on one running example of a model training tool.17 min read · Updated 28 Oct 2026
- PagedAttention Explained: How vLLM Pages the KV Cache to Stop Memory WasteAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to PagedAttention: why per-request KV caches fragment GPU memory, how block tables, copy-on-write sharing and preemption work in vLLM, and what paging does to batch size and cost per token, shown on one running example of a support chat assistant on one GPU.24 min read · Updated 28 Oct 2026
- RoPE Positional Encodings Explained: Token Order and Context ExtensionAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to RoPE positional encodings: why attention ignores word order, how rotation gives relative positions, and how interpolation, NTK-aware scaling and YaRN stretch context, shown on one running example of a rental agreement reader.23 min read · Updated 28 Oct 2026
- vLLM's October 2026 RCE Vulnerability Explained: Request-Chosen Processor CodeAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to the vLLM remote code execution vulnerability fixed in 0.31.0: how one request field chose which processor code the server imported, why the API key and a pinned revision did not stop it, and how to check your server, shown on one running example of a document-reading service.19 min read · Updated 28 Oct 2026
- LLM Red Teaming: A Pre-Launch Playbook to Attack Your Own AppAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to LLM red teaming: scoping, attack categories, safe test cases, scoring, CI regression tests and fixes, shown on one running example of an online store's support chatbot.20 min read · Updated 27 Oct 2026
- SGLang's October 2026 KV Cache Exposure Explained: Stale Memory Between UsersAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to the SGLang KV cache exposure: how an over-long prompt read other users' memory in split prefill and decode serving, which releases fix it and how to check your setup, shown on a runnable toy page pool.20 min read · Updated 27 Oct 2026
- EU AI Act Article 50 Deadline Explained: Mark AI Output by 2 December 2026AI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to EU AI Act Article 50: who must mark AI output, what the 2 December 2026 deadline covers, and how C2PA signing works, shown on one running example of an image feature sold to EU customers.21 min read · Updated 26 Oct 2026
- Long-Context Attention Explained: Quadratic Cost, KV Cache and FlashAttentionAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to long context attention: why compute grows with length squared, how the KV cache grows, prefill vs decode and how FlashAttention speeds exact attention, shown on one running example of a document chat.21 min read · Updated 26 Oct 2026
- MCP TypeScript SDK's October 2026 Advisory Explained: One Server per ConnectionAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to the MCP TypeScript SDK vulnerability of October 2026: why a shared server object sent one client's replies to another, why 2.3.0 throws ALREADY_CONNECTED and how to restructure, shown on one running example of a company ticket-lookup server.22 min read · Updated 26 Oct 2026
- AI Tutor System Design: Hint Ladders, Mastery Tracking and GuardrailsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to AI tutor system design: hint ladders that never hand over the answer, Bayesian Knowledge Tracing, leak checks, India's child data rules and evaluation, shown on one running example of a maths practice app.23 min read · Updated 25 Oct 2026
- FastMCP's October 2026 Vulnerabilities Explained: Secret Leaks and Hidden ToolsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to the FastMCP vulnerability fixed in 4.1.2 and 3.4.10: how a malicious MCP server could collect OAuth client secrets, why hidden tools stayed callable, and what to do now, shown on one running example of an internal agent platform.19 min read · Updated 25 Oct 2026
- LangGraph's October 2026 Namespace Flaw Explained: Why Dot-Joined Keys CollideAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to the LangGraph store namespace vulnerability: why dot-joined namespaces collided, which versions fix it and how to check, shown on one running example of a multi-tenant agent memory store.18 min read · Updated 25 Oct 2026
- Machine Translation System Design: Glossaries, Quality Checks and FallbacksAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to machine translation system design: glossaries, protected placeholders, quality estimation, translation caching, human review and fallbacks, shown on one running example of a shopping app translating order messages into Indian languages.23 min read · Updated 25 Oct 2026
- Pgvector vs Vector Database: When Postgres Is Enough and When to SwitchAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to choosing between pgvector and a dedicated vector database: recall, filters, memory and write cost measured on 100,000 vectors, shown on one running example of a help-desk article search.24 min read · Updated 25 Oct 2026
- Agent Failure Recovery: Checkpoints and Partial FailuresAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to agent failure recovery: how checkpoints, idempotency keys and undo steps let a crashed AI agent resume safely, shown on one running example of a nightly invoice check.25 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Design an AI Code Review Bot: PR Comments, Noise and CostAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to AI code review system design: how a bot reads pull requests, cuts false positives and keeps cost per review low, shown on one running example of a review bot sold to software teams.25 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- CPU vs GPU vs TPU for AI: Which Chip for Which JobAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to choosing between CPUs, GPUs and TPUs for training, inference and embeddings, shown on one running example of an Indian-language search team.26 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Grouped Query Attention Explained: How GQA Shrinks the KV CacheAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to grouped query attention: how multi-head, GQA and multi-query attention change memory use, speed and quality, shown on one running long-document chat example.22 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Buying an LLM Service: Vendor Due-Diligence ChecklistAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to LLM vendor evaluation: data retention, training use, who owns what, lock-in and a tested exit plan, shown on one running example of a hospital drafting discharge summaries.23 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- MCP in Production: Multi-Server Setups, Auth and LoggingAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to running MCP in production: shared servers over Streamable HTTP, tokens bound to one server, and traces across every tool call, shown on one running example of a company assistant with many tool servers.25 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- MCP Security: Tool Poisoning, Elicitation and Server TrustAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to MCP security: tool poisoning, rug pulls, tool shadowing, unsafe elicitation and how a client decides which servers to trust, shown on one running example of an AI assistant for financial advisers.26 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- NIST AI RMF in Practice: Govern, Map, Measure, ManageAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to the NIST AI RMF that turns its four functions into a worksheet for one AI feature, using one running hospital X-ray example.23 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Agent Skills Explained: Packaging Procedures in a SKILL.md FolderAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to agent skills: the open SKILL.md folder format, how agents load a skill only when a task needs it, how skills differ from system prompts, tools and RAG, and how to review and test one, shown on one running example of a release-notes skill.22 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- LLM Model Deprecation: How to Migrate Without Breaking UsersAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to LLM model deprecation: finding every model ID, pinning dated versions, golden eval sets, shadow and canary tests and rollback, shown on one running example of a support-ticket triage feature.22 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Mixture of Experts Explained: Routers, Active Parameters and VRAMAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to mixture of experts: how a router sends each token to a few expert blocks, why total and active parameters differ, and why every expert still needs GPU memory, shown on one running example of a support assistant sized for rented GPUs.22 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Speculative Decoding Explained: Draft, Verify and When It Stops HelpingAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to speculative decoding: how a small draft model guesses tokens, how the large model checks them without changing its output, and when the speed-up disappears, shown on one running example of a support chat served on one GPU.20 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Text to SQL Explained: Schema Context, Read-Only Roles and SQL ChecksAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to text to SQL: schema context, read-only database roles, parser checks, timeouts, row limits and result-based tests, shown on one running example of a grocery chain's internal analytics chat box.26 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- AI Agent vs Workflow: When You Actually Need an AgentAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to the difference between an AI workflow and an AI agent, shown on one shop's support tickets from start to finish, with a simple way to decide which one to build.23 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- Prompt Caching Explained: Faster, Cheaper LLM CallsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to prompt caching: what it reuses, why only an exact start matches, how to layer a prompt so the cache hits and how to check it, shown on one running example of a support chat assistant.24 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- AI Solutions Architect: Skills, Roadmap and Study PlanAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to becoming an AI solutions architect: what the job involves, the six skill areas, a 12-week study plan, how you are tested and a readiness check, shown on one running example of a support assistant.28 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- Architecture Decision Records for AI Systems, With ExamplesAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to architecture decision records for AI systems: the sections, eval links and superseding, shown on one running example of a marketplace seller assistant.24 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- Looped Transformers in 2026: More Depth, Same ParametersAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to looped transformers: how reusing one block of layers adds depth without new parameters, what three 2026 papers found, and the real costs in compute, KV cache and latency, shown on one running example of a coding-tutor app.20 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- MCP Multi Round Trip Requests: How MRTR Replaces Server CallbacksAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to MCP multi round trip requests in the 2026-07-28 specification: input_required results, retries with answers and sealed requestState, shown on one running refund example.19 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- Prompt Injection Prevention: How to Defend AI AgentsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to prompt injection and how to defend an AI agent against it, shown on one email assistant from the first attack to a safer design and a test plan.28 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- RAG Chunking Strategies: How to Split Documents for RetrievalAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to splitting documents for RAG, from chunk size and overlap to structure-aware, semantic and parent-child chunking, shown on one running example of a farmer helpline.27 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- System Prompt Best Practices: Guidance, Not EnforcementAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to writing good system prompts, why models can still break them and which rules must move into code, shown on one running example of a savings app's chat helper.21 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- A/B Testing LLM Applications: Metrics, Splits and Safe RolloutAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to A/B testing LLM applications: offline checks, shadow tests, metrics, user splits, test length and a safe rollout, shown on one running example of two product description prompts.24 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- Choosing an AI Agent Framework: Plain Loop, Graph-Based or Role-BasedAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to choosing an AI agent framework: a plain loop, LangGraph, CrewAI, Pydantic AI or Microsoft Agent Framework, tested on one running example of a small tax-assistant team.21 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- AI System Design Case Study: AI-Assisted Loan OriginationAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to an AI system design case study: a loan system where AI reads documents and drafts a risk summary but a person decides, shown on one running example of a small-business lender.31 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- AI SLA: How to Turn AI Trade-offs into Promises You Can KeepAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to writing an SLA for an AI service: SLIs, SLOs, quality audits, error budgets, fallbacks and client reports, shown on one running example of an invoice extraction service.27 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- AI Agent Authorization: Authentication vs Authorization GuideAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to AI agent authorization: authentication vs authorization, OAuth scopes and tokens, service accounts, the confused deputy problem, token storage and MCP, shown on one running example of an invoicing assistant.28 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- AI Solution Architecture: From Business Problem to DesignAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to AI solution architecture: discovery questions, success metrics, the no-AI check, building blocks, a first diagram and a phased rollout, shown on one running example of a lunch-box delivery complaints desk.27 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- How to Debug LLM Hallucination: Prompt, Context or Model?AI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to debugging LLM hallucination: reproduce the wrong answer, read the trace, prove the cause with one change and fix the right layer, shown on one insurance help bot.24 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- AI Compliance Architecture: GDPR, HIPAA and FedRAMP ExplainedAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to what GDPR, HIPAA, FedRAMP and the EU AI Act mean for how you build an AI system, shown on one running example of a clinical note-taking app.27 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- LLM Model Selection Per Task: Tiering, Routing and CascadesAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to choosing an LLM for each task: pass marks, small test sets, tiers, routers, cascades and fallbacks, shown on one running example of a grocery delivery app.25 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- Human in the Loop AI: Designing Escalation and ApprovalsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to deciding which AI decisions need a person, when to escalate, how to design the reviewer screen and how to stop rubber-stamping, using one motor insurance claim from start to finish.25 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- AI Agent Security: Least Privilege and Fixing Tool BloatAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to applying least privilege to AI agents, from auditing a bloated tool list to narrow tools, scoped short-lived credentials, approvals and logs, shown on one HR assistant from start to finish.28 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- LLM Latency Optimization: Accuracy vs Latency Trade-offsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to LLM accuracy vs latency: where the wait comes from, how to measure it at p50 and p95, how to cut it safely and when accuracy must win, shown on one running example of a driver voice assistant.27 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- LLM Cost Optimization: Cut Your AI Bill Without Hurting QualityAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to LLM cost optimization: how token pricing works, how to measure cost per feature and per user, and which fixes cut the bill, shown on one running example from a meeting-notes startup.30 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- LLM Data Residency: Where Your AI Actually RunsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to LLM data residency: what data leaves your app, the four places a model can run, what to ask about retention and training, and DPDP and GDPR transfer basics, all shown on one running clinic example.26 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- LLM Evaluation Metrics and Test Frameworks ExplainedAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to testing an LLM app: golden test sets, the main evaluation metrics, LLM-as-judge, error margins and regression tests in CI, all shown on one running example of a pharmacy chat assistant.28 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- LLM Feedback Loop Design: Turning User Feedback into FixesAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to designing a feedback loop for an LLM product, from collecting thumbs, edits and overrides to safe fixes, shown on one running example of AI essay feedback.22 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- LLM Guardrails Explained: Layered Checks Before and After the ModelAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to LLM guardrails as layered defence: input checks, retrieval and tool limits, output checks, human review and testing, shown on one running example of a children's homework app.29 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- LLM Observability: Catching Silent Regressions and Cost DriftAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to LLM observability: what to log, how to trace multi-step calls, which alerts catch quality drops and rising cost, and how to find the cause, shown on one running example of a telecom chat assistant.25 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- MCP vs API vs Agent-to-Agent: Which Integration to UseAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to MCP vs API vs agent-to-agent protocols such as A2A: who decides each call, how they fit together and when to pick each, shown on one running example of a travel booking app.25 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- Multi-Agent System Design: When Orchestration Is Worth the CostAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to multi-agent system design, from orchestrators, workers and handoffs to cost, failure and testing, using one month-end report example from start to finish.26 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- Prompt Caching Explained: Faster, Cheaper LLM CallsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to prompt caching: how a model service reuses the start of a prompt, how to order prompts so the cache works, what breaks it, how vLLM does it and when it does not help, shown on one running example of a legal research tool.25 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- LiteLLM's October 2026 PyPI Compromise Explained: Stolen Tokens, Startup HooksAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to the LiteLLM PyPI compromise of 21 October 2026: how a poisoned 1.107.0 ran code at every Python start, how the release pipeline was hijacked, and how to check and clean up, shown on one running example of a team's LLM proxy on a cloud VM.23 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- MCP Python SDK's Sept-Oct 2026 Advisories Explained: What Upgrading MissesAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to the six MCP Python SDK advisories of September and October 2026: what each bug did, what mcp 1.30.0 and 2.2.0 fix by default and which settings you still must change, shown on one running example of a company agent and its internal MCP server.26 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- vLLM 0.32 Breaking Changes Explained: Locked-Down CORS and Template LimitsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to the vLLM 0.32 upgrade: the closed CORS default and the flag that reopens it, chat template time limits, refused image formats and the new max_tokens rule, shown on one running example of an internal chat page.20 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- Agentic Design Patterns: Chaining, Routing, Parallel and LoopsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to agentic design patterns: five ways to split an LLM app, from prompt chaining to evaluator loops, with a table for picking one, shown on one running example of a travel-booking assistant.25 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Agentic RAG: When Retrieval Becomes a DecisionAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to agentic RAG: how the model decides whether, where and what to search, and checks what it finds, shown on one running university helpdesk example.26 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- AI Coding Assistant Team Setup: Rules, Permissions and ReviewAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to rolling out an AI coding assistant across a developer team: shared rules files, safe permissions, secrets, enforced code review and honest measurement, shown on one running example of a 12-person product team.28 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Coding Agent Architecture: Harness, Tools and SandboxesAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to coding agent architecture: the harness loop, tools, sandboxes, context on big repositories and test checks, shown on one running example of a billing bug fix.24 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Debugging AI Agents: Reading Transcripts and Stop ReasonsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to debugging an AI agent that loops or stops early: how to read a transcript round by round, what stop reasons mean, the common loop bugs and what to log, shown on one running IT helpdesk example.22 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- How LLMs Are Trained: Pretraining, Fine-Tuning and RLHFAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to every stage of LLM training, from cleaning data and pretraining to instruction tuning, RLHF, DPO, safety tuning and testing, shown on one running example of a farmers' helpline model.25 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- How LLMs Work: The Life of a Prompt, Step by StepAI and GenAI · A plain-English walk through what happens inside a large language model, from tokens and embeddings to attention, next-token probabilities and the context window, built on one running recipe-app example.26 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- How to Evaluate AI Agents: Trajectories, Not Just AnswersAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to testing AI agents: check the real end state, grade every step, pick graders and run each task many times, shown on one running example of a shop's ordering agent.24 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Hybrid Search: How BM25 and Vector Search Work TogetherAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to hybrid search: how BM25 keyword search and vector search each fail, how to merge them with RRF or weighted scores, and how to measure the result, shown on one running auto parts store example.25 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- LLM Structured Output: JSON Schemas That Don't BreakAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to getting reliable JSON from a model, from JSON Schema and constrained decoding to validation, retries, missing fields, versioning and tests, shown on one running example of a GST invoice reader.25 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Temperature, Top-p and Top-k: LLM Sampling ExplainedAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to LLM sampling: how temperature, top-k, top-p and seeds change each next-token pick, and why vLLM and llama.cpp apply them in a different order, shown on one running example of a support bot and a tagline writer sharing one model.28 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- LLM Tokenization Explained: Why Hindi Costs More TokensAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to LLM tokenization: what tokens are, how byte-pair encoding works, why Hindi needs more tokens and how to count them before you send, shown on one running Hindi news app example.25 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- ML System Design Interview Framework: Six StepsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to the ML system design interview: six steps, a 45-minute plan, a position-bias check and a practice rubric, shown on one running example of e-commerce search ranking.28 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Advanced RAG Explained: Naive vs Advanced vs Modular RAGAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to advanced RAG: how naive, advanced and modular RAG differ and which failure each fix solves, shown on one running example of an HR policy assistant.26 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- PDF Parsing for RAG: How to Handle Tables, Scans and OCRAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to PDF parsing for RAG: routing digital and scanned pages, fixing reading order, keeping tables whole and checking OCR, shown on one running example of a land-records office.30 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Query Rewriting for RAG: Multi-Query, Decomposition and HyDEAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to query rewriting in RAG: simple cleanup and chat-history rewrites, multi-query search, decomposition, step-back questions and HyDE, built on one running electronics store example.22 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- RAG Access Control: Permission-Aware Retrieval ExplainedAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to RAG access control: how to stop an internal AI assistant from retrieving documents a user could not open, shown on one running example of a steel company's staff assistant.24 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- RAG Evaluation Metrics: Recall@k, MRR and Context PrecisionAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to measuring a RAG system in two halves, retrieval and generation, with worked numbers for most metrics, built on one running income-tax help assistant example.24 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- RAG Reranking: Cross-Encoders Explained SimplyAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to RAG reranking: bi-encoders vs cross-encoders, how many chunks to fetch and keep, cost, speed and measuring the gain, shown on one running example of a train-travel help bot.23 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Reasoning Models Explained: Thinking Tokens and When They PayAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to reasoning models, built on one running maths tutoring example, covering thinking tokens, training, thinking budgets, cost, routing and how to test whether the extra thinking pays.22 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Semantic Caching for LLM Apps: Reuse Answers Without Wrong HitsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to semantic caching for LLM apps: similarity thresholds, safe cache keys, expiry and false hits, shown on one running example of an electricity supplier's help bot.25 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Tool Design for AI Agents: Descriptions, Errors and RetriesAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to designing tools an AI agent can use well: names, descriptions, inputs, structured errors, safe retries, tool count and testing, built on one running ordering-agent example.24 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Agent Harness Explained: The Code That Turns an LLM Into an AgentAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to the agent harness: the prompts, tools, memory, guardrails and loop around a model, and why October 2026 research tunes the harness instead of the model, shown on one running example of an order-support agent.19 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- DSpark Speculative Decoding Explained: Block Drafting and Confidence ChecksAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to DSpark speculative decoding: how a small model drafts tokens, how the large model checks them, and how block drafting and confidence scheduling speed up serving, shown on one running example of a travel-booking chatbot.21 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Design an Ad Click Prediction System: CTR, Calibration, AuctionsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to ad click prediction: CTR models, features, calibration, auctions, training data and serving, shown on one running example of an ad network inside news apps.24 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Agent Context Handoff: What to Pass, Summarise or DropAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to agent context handoff: what one AI agent or long session should pass, summarise or drop for the next, built on one running tender-bid example.27 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- AI Bias Testing: Fairness Checks for LLM FeaturesAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to AI bias testing for LLM features: slicing tests by group, counterfactual pairs and the four-fifths alarm, shown on one running example of a job-matching app.23 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Design an AI Chat Assistant: System Design WalkthroughAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to AI chat assistant system design: streaming, chat storage, context budgets, quotas, a model gateway, safety, regions and cost, shown on one running example of a multilingual chat app.27 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- AI Governance for Startups: Intake, Risk Register and Sign-offAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to a light AI governance framework for startups, with an intake form, risk tiers, a risk register and sign-off rules, built on one running home-loan marketplace example.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- AI Incident Response: When Your AI Gets It Wrong in PublicAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to AI incident response: kill switches, honest communication and blameless post-mortems, built on one running bus ticket chatbot example.24 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- No-Code AI Workflows vs Writing Code: When Each One WinsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to AI workflow automation that shows when a no-code flow beats custom code or an agent, and when it does not, using one running example of a small candle shop.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- The Cold Start Problem in Recommendation SystemsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to the cold start problem: how recommenders serve new users, new items and new cities, shown on one running food delivery example.24 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Delivery Time Prediction: Designing a Food-Delivery ETA ModelAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to delivery time prediction for food apps: ETA parts, live rider signals, quantile ranges, coverage checks and serving, shown on one running example of a delivery app.23 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Document AI Pipeline: OCR Plus LLM for KYC DocumentsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to document AI pipelines: field schemas, OCR and model extraction, confidence scores, validation checks, human review and audit trails, shown on one running example of a digital lender's KYC checks.27 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Choosing and Upgrading Embedding Models Without DowntimeAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to choosing an embedding model with your own data instead of leaderboards, then re-embedding every document without search downtime, built on one running case-law search example.27 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Embeddings Explained: Meaning as NumbersAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to embeddings: vectors, dimensions, cosine similarity, how embedding models learn, what they are good and bad at, built on one running second-hand book marketplace example.23 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Enterprise RAG System Design: A Finance Team AssistantAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to enterprise RAG system design: requirements, scale, ingestion, permissions, retrieval, citations, testing, cost and rollout, shown on one running example of a finance team's policy assistant.26 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Feature Stores Explained: Same Features in Training and ServingAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to feature stores: how one set of feature definitions feeds both model training and live predictions, built on one running loan app example.24 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Feed Ranking System Design: Engagement vs WellbeingAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to the ML side of feed ranking: candidate sources, multi-task predictions, a value model, wellbeing signals, testing and feedback loops, built on one running neighbourhood app example.24 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Fine-Tuning Case Study: A Model for Hospital Billing CodesAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to a fine-tuning case study: how a fine-tuned small model can beat RAG at turning discharge notes into billing codes, shown on one made-up but realistic hospital coding team.24 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Fine-Tuning vs RAG vs Prompting: Which One Do You Need?AI and GenAI · A plain-English decision guide to prompting, RAG and fine-tuning: what each one changes, what it costs, how to test it and how to combine them, built on one running event-planning example.26 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Fraud Detection System Design for UPI PaymentsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to fraud detection system design: rules plus a model, features, label delay, cost-based thresholds, analyst review and drift, shown on one running example of a UPI payments app.24 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- GraphRAG: Knowledge Graphs Meet RetrievalAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to GraphRAG: how it builds a knowledge graph from documents and retrieves by following relationships, shown on one running example of a supplier-risk research tool.24 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- LLM Capacity Planning: Back-of-the-Envelope MathsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to sizing an LLM feature for a traffic spike, from users to requests, tokens, GPUs, memory, rate limits and cost, built on one running example of a test-prep chat helper.22 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- LLM Customer Support Bot System Design: Ticket to HandoffAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to LLM customer support bot system design: intake, triage, help centre answers, human handoff, cost per resolved ticket and SLAs, shown on one running example of a home broadband provider.24 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Error Analysis for LLM Apps: Read Traces Before MetricsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to error analysis for LLM apps: sampling traces, writing failure notes, grouping them into categories and turning them into tested checks, shown on one running example of a home-services booking assistant.22 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- LLM Quantization: INT8, INT4 and Quality LossAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to LLM quantization: how INT8 and INT4 shrink a model, why it gets faster, where quality drops, and how to test it, built on one running Hindi chatbot example.23 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- LLMOps Explained: From MLOps to Production LLMsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to LLMOps: how it differs from MLOps, what to version, and how to ship LLM changes safely, shown on one running example of a cloud-kitchen menu assistant.22 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- LoRA and QLoRA Explained: Fine-Tune a Model on One GPUAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to LoRA and QLoRA: how small adapters and a 4-bit frozen base let you fine-tune a large model on one GPU, shown on one running example of a farm-advice assistant.26 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Business Metrics vs ML Metrics: Better AUC, Worse RevenueAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to ML metrics vs business metrics: why a model with a better AUC can earn less, and how to pick, connect and test the right metrics, using one running online store example.23 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Multi-Turn Evaluation: Testing Whole LLM ConversationsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to multi-turn evaluation of LLM chat assistants: scenarios, simulated users, scoring and repeated runs, shown on one running example of a rental flat assistant.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Multimodal RAG: Searching Images, Tables and ScansAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to multimodal RAG: how to search photos, scanned forms and tables as well as text, shown on one running example of a motor insurance claims assistant.27 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Parent Document Retrieval: Search Small, Return Big ContextAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to parent document and multi-representation retrieval, from search keys to parent stores, built on one running appliance-manual support search.22 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Plan-and-Execute vs ReAct Agents: Plan First or Step by StepAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to plan and execute agents vs ReAct agents: speed, token cost, replanning and prompt-injection safety, shown on one running example of a multi-city trip planner.23 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Prompt Versioning: Testing, Releases and RollbackAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to prompt versioning: storing prompts like code, testing every change in CI, staged rollouts and fast rollback, built on one running telemedicine example.23 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Keeping a RAG Index Fresh: Updates, Deletes and Re-indexingAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to keeping a RAG index fresh through updates, deletes and full re-indexing, shown on one running example of a hospital HR policy assistant.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Recommendation System Design: Candidate Generation and RankingAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to recommendation system design, from candidate generation and ranking to re-ranking, labels, serving, evaluation and feedback loops, built on one running video-streaming example.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Reflection Pattern: Making AI Agents Check Their Own WorkAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to the reflection pattern: how an AI drafts, critiques and revises its own work, shown on one running example of a complaint and RTI letter drafting app.20 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Design Search Ranking for a Rental AppAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to search ranking system design: candidates, booking labels, position bias, NDCG and A/B tests, shown on one running example of a Bengaluru rental app.28 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Self-Hosting LLMs: Serving, Batching and GPU AutoscalingAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to self-hosting LLMs: when owning GPUs beats paying per token, and how batching and GPU autoscaling work, built on one running legal-tech example.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Semantic Routing: Sending Queries to the Right SourceAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to semantic routing: how a support bot sends each question to an FAQ, a SQL database or documents, shown on one running example of a gym chain's support bot.24 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Design a Multi-Agent Shipment Rerouting SystemAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to shipment rerouting AI system design: agents that spot road closures, a route solver for exact numbers, human approval and undo steps, shown on one running example of a road-freight operator in Nagpur.28 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Speech Recognition System Design: Hinglish Call TranscriptsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to speech recognition system design: the ASR pipeline, Hinglish code-switching, word error rate, GPU sizing and masking card numbers, shown on one running example of call-centre recordings turned into searchable transcripts.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Synthetic Data for LLM Evaluation: Test Without Real CustomersAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to building synthetic test data for LLM evaluation, so you can find edge cases without copying real customer data, shown on one running example of a health insurance claims chatbot.27 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Two-Tower Models: Retrieval Then RankingAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to the two tower model, the retrieval step behind many large recommenders, built on one running handicrafts marketplace example from Kochi.23 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Vision-Language Models Explained: How AI Sees ImagesAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to how vision-language models turn photos into tokens, learn to match pictures and words, describe images, and fail, built on one running shelf-audit example.24 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Voice Assistant System Design: Speech In, Speech OutAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to designing a phone voice assistant, from speech-to-text to the model to text-to-speech, built on one running example of a Hindi farmers' helpline.27 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Web Agents: How Browser-Using AI Agents WorkAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to web agent design: how a browser agent sees pages, clicks the right element, keeps login state and stays safe, shown on one running example of a form-filling service.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Labeling and Active Learning: Ask Where the Model Is UnsureAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to active learning and data labelling: the model picks the examples it is least sure about for experts to label, built on one running crop-disease app example.23 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- AI Agent Sandboxing Explained: How to Contain Agents That Run CodeAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to AI agent sandboxing after CERT-In's October 2026 advisory: containers vs gVisor vs microVMs, egress control, short-lived credentials, tamper-resistant logs and kill switches, shown on one running example of a coding agent that fixes flaky tests.22 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- AI Decision Models Explained: Typed Choices Instead of Generated TextAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to AI decision models: picking one allowed option with probabilities, running them locally and setting thresholds, shown on one running example of a grocery app's support inbox.20 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Class Imbalance: When Fraud Is 1 in 1,000AI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to class imbalance: the right metrics, sampling, class weights and thresholds, built on one running payment fraud screening example.19 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Exploration vs Exploitation Explained: How Bandits Help RecommendersAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to the exploration exploitation tradeoff and the bandit algorithms recommenders use to handle it, built on one running short-stories app example.20 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- How Diffusion Models Generate Images, Step by StepAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to how diffusion models turn random noise into a picture, built on one running example of a textile print design studio.26 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Design an Image Captioning System for Product Alt TextAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to designing an image captioning system that writes alt text for a large product catalogue, built on one running marketplace example.29 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Knowledge Distillation for LLMs: Small Models from Big OnesAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to LLM distillation, where a small student model learns from a large teacher model, shown on one running example of a Kannada voice assistant.29 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- ML Model Monitoring: Data Drift and Concept DriftAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to model drift in classic machine learning: what data drift and concept drift are, how to detect each, and when to retrain, built on one running microfinance example.26 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- RAPTOR: Hierarchical Summaries for Long DocumentsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to RAPTOR RAG, which builds a tree of summaries over long documents so broad questions get good answers, built on one running consulting firm example.25 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Real-Time Features: Batch vs Streaming vs Request-TimeAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to batch, streaming and request-time features for machine learning: how to trade freshness against cost, shown on one running quick-commerce example.25 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Design a Semantic Search Engine: Find Jobs by MeaningAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to semantic search system design: embeddings, vector indexes, filters, hybrid keyword search and reranking, shown on one running example of a job search app.28 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Small Language Models: When Smaller WinsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to small language models for routing, data extraction and on-device features, built on one running receipt-scanning app example.26 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Text-to-Image System Design: GPU Queues, Filters and StorageAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to text-to-image system design: GPU job queues, batching, prompt and image safety checks, and private image storage, shown on one running example of a wedding-card artwork service.28 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Text to Speech System Design: Voices for a News AppAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to text to speech system design: text cleanup, pronunciation lexicons, render-once audio caching and a fast lane for breaking news, shown on one running example of a regional news app.20 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Text to Video System Design: Long Jobs, Cost and PreviewsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to designing a text-to-video generation system: long background jobs, GPU cost and preview frames, shown on one running example of a reel maker for local shops.25 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Visual Search System Design: Search by Photo in a Fashion AppAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to visual search system design: photo to garment crop to vectors to results, shown on one running example of a fashion app.28 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- vLLM Preload Explained: Restart LLM Servers in Seconds with a Weight CacheAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to vLLM preload: how a per-GPU weight-cache daemon lets a restarting engine reuse weights already in GPU memory, and where it stops helping, shown on one running example of a voice-support team's GPU servers.19 min read · Updated 19 Oct 2026
- Reverse Engineer Anything Explained: How AI Agents Drive Ghidra Through MCPAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to Reverse Engineer Anything: how its local MCP server lets an AI coding agent query Ghidra, Hopper or IDA, check its findings and stay within safety and legal limits, shown on one running example of a team rebuilding a lost check-value rule.20 min read · Updated 19 Oct 2026
- Transformers as Associative Memory Explained: How Layers Store and Recall FactsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to transformers as associative memory: how feed-forward layers store facts as key-value pairs, how attention recalls from the prompt and why look-alike keys collide, shown on one running example of an online kurta shop's price chatbot.20 min read · Updated 19 Oct 2026
- LLM Inference System Design: KV Cache, Batching and the Gateway in FrontAI and GenAI · How production LLM serving works, explained for system design interviews: prefill vs decode, the KV cache and PagedAttention, continuous batching, streaming, the inference gateway, and the latency metrics that matter.16 min read · Updated 5 Oct 2026
- Context Engineering for AI Agents: Memory, Retrieval and Compaction ExplainedAI and GenAI · Why agents fail when their context is wrong, and how to engineer it: the context window as a budget, short-term vs long-term memory, retrieval, tool results, compaction and the failure modes to watch.13 min read · Updated 4 Oct 2026
- MCP Explained: How the Model Context Protocol Connects AI Agents to ToolsAI and GenAI · A developer-first guide to the Model Context Protocol: hosts, clients and servers, tools vs resources vs prompts, stdio vs HTTP transports, a request walkthrough, and the security risks you must design for.14 min read · Updated 3 Oct 2026
- Vector Database Architecture: How Semantic Search Systems Work at ScaleAI and GenAI · A detailed guide to vector database architecture covering embeddings, indexing, similarity search, storage design, filtering, and production trade-offs in modern AI systems.16 min read · Updated 20 Mar 2026
- RAG Pipelines Explained: How Retrieval-Augmented Generation Works in ProductionAI and GenAI · A detailed guide to RAG pipelines covering retrieval flow, chunking, indexing, ranking, prompt construction, and production system design trade-offs.18 min read · Updated 20 Mar 2026
- Distributed Model Training & Orchestration: How Large-Scale AI Training Systems Actually WorkAI and GenAI · A deeply practical guide to distributed model training and orchestration with detailed explanations, visual flows, code examples, and real-world system behavior.22 min read · Updated 20 Mar 2026
Backend
Backend, databases, networking, caching and queues from first principles, plus incidents explained.
- How SSH Works: Key Exchange, Host Keys, Channels and Agent ForwardingBackend · A plain-English guide to how SSH works: key exchange, host keys and known_hosts, public-key login, channels and tunnels, and why ProxyJump beats agent forwarding, shown on one running example of a laptop reaching a private app server through a bastion.25 min read · Updated 3 Nov 2026
- Authlib's October 2026 Vulnerability Explained: When No Signature Meant ValidBackend · A plain-English guide to the Authlib vulnerability CVE-2026-96760 and its sibling key bugs: why an empty signature list passed, who is affected and how to upgrade to 1.9.1, shown on one running example of a service that checks signed partner messages.22 min read · Updated 1 Nov 2026
- Linux's October 2026 TCP Use-After-Free Explained: How to Patch CVE-2026-98432Backend · A plain-English guide to CVE-2026-98432, the Linux IPv4 TCP use-after-free fixed in October 2026: how the handshake race works, which kernels are fixed and how to patch, shown on one running example of a 40-server fleet.20 min read · Updated 1 Nov 2026
- Node-Forge's October 2026 Vulnerability Explained: When a Leaf Acts as a CABackend · A plain-English guide to the node-forge vulnerability of October 2026: how retired extension IDs let a leaf certificate act as a CA, why zero-round PKCS#12 files passed any password, and how to upgrade to 1.4.2, shown on one running example of a smart meter gateway.23 min read · Updated 1 Nov 2026
- OAuthLib's October 2026 Vulnerability Explained: Scopes for the Wrong ClientBackend · A plain-English guide to the OAuthLib vulnerability fixed in 4.0.0: how token grants checked the wrong client, who is exposed, and how to upgrade to 4.0.1 safely, shown on one running example of an internal payments login server.19 min read · Updated 1 Nov 2026
- Pyasn1's October 2026 Vulnerability Explained: Why Decoding Went QuadraticBackend · A plain-English guide to the pyasn1 vulnerability fixed in 0.6.5: what quadratic-time decoding is, which packages pull pyasn1 in and how to upgrade and verify, shown on one running example of a certificate upload tool.21 min read · Updated 1 Nov 2026
- Tornado's October 2026 Security Update Explained: Keep the Event Loop FreeBackend · A plain-English guide to the Tornado security update: what Tornado 6.6 fixes, why one request could freeze a server, and how to upgrade safely, shown on one running example of a live dashboard served by Tornado.21 min read · Updated 1 Nov 2026
- API Key Management Explained: Formats, Hashing, Rotation and LeaksBackend · A plain-English guide to API key management: how to format, store, scope, rotate and revoke the keys your API gives customers, shown on one running example of a small invoicing API.25 min read · Updated 30 Oct 2026
- MuPDF's October 2026 PDF Encryption Flaw Explained: A 9-Bit AES KeyBackend · A plain-English guide to the PDF encryption vulnerability in MuPDF: why clock-seeded keys left AES-256 PDFs guessable, how to check your version and how to re-encrypt files, shown on one running example of a payslip service.15 min read · Updated 30 Oct 2026
- Inngest's October 2026 Outages Explained: When Deadlines Drained the PoolBackend · A plain-English guide to the Inngest outage of October 2026: why short query deadlines made PgBouncer destroy database connections faster than it could replace them, shown on one running example of a job-scheduling service.19 min read · Updated 29 Oct 2026
- Terraform State Explained: Locking, Drift, Imports and RecoveryBackend · A plain-English guide to Terraform state: what the state file stores, why it leaks secrets, how backends, locking and drift checks work, and how to recover lost state, shown on one running example of a small online shop's infrastructure.29 min read · Updated 29 Oct 2026
- Black's October 2026 GitHub Action Flaw Explained: When a PR Picks CI InstallsBackend · A plain-English guide to the Black GitHub Action vulnerability fixed in 26.10.1: how one pyproject.toml line let a pull request choose what CI installs, and how to harden workflows, shown on one running example of an open-source invoice library.18 min read · Updated 28 Oct 2026
- Docker Content Trust Shutdown (December 2026) Explained: Digests and SignersBackend · A plain-English guide to the Docker Content Trust shutdown: what notary.docker.io did, how to find DCT in your pipelines, and how to move to digests plus Cosign or Notation, shown on one running example of a build pipeline.19 min read · Updated 28 Oct 2026
- Drupal's October 2026 Field UI RCE Explained: Why Callbacks Need an AllowlistBackend · A plain-English guide to the Drupal Field UI RCE (SA-CORE-2026-014): how a table row's callback ran without a trust check, who is exposed, and how to check your version and patch, shown on one running example of a university's department websites.18 min read · Updated 28 Oct 2026
- GitOps Explained: Pull-Based Deploys, Drift Repair and Rollback by RevertBackend · A plain-English guide to GitOps: desired state in git, pull-based reconciliation, drift detection and self-heal, rollback as git revert, and where it hurts, shown on one running example of a food delivery app's orders service.20 min read · Updated 28 Oct 2026
- GitPython's October 2026 Submodule Flaw Explained: Validate Before You CloneBackend · A plain-English guide to the GitPython vulnerability fixed in 3.2.1: how a submodule path under .git/hooks was cloned before it was rejected, shown on one running example of a tool that builds submodules from user input.14 min read · Updated 28 Oct 2026
- Monorepo Build Systems Explained: Build Graphs, Caching and Affected TargetsBackend · A plain-English guide to monorepo build systems: build graphs, content-addressed caching, remote caches, affected-target selection and fast CI, shown on one running example of a shop monorepo with a web app, an API and a shared library.26 min read · Updated 28 Oct 2026
- OVHcloud CLI's October 2026 Supply-Chain Attack Explained: Swapped Release FilesBackend · A plain-English guide to the OVHcloud CLI supply-chain attack of 19 October 2026: how existing release binaries were swapped, why a checksum file beside them proved nothing, and how to check your copy safely, shown on one running example of a developer laptop set up with a one-line install script.22 min read · Updated 28 Oct 2026
- Python's October 2026 Tarfile Vulnerability Explained: Which Filter Is SafeBackend · A plain-English guide to the Python tarfile vulnerability CVE-2026-114583: what the 'tar' filter missed, which releases fix it, which extraction filter to use and how to check your Python, shown on one running example of a deployment service that unpacks build bundles.19 min read · Updated 28 Oct 2026
- Tailscale's October 2026 SSH Vulnerabilities Explained: Forwarding as RootBackend · A plain-English guide to the Tailscale SSH vulnerability fixed in 1.104.4: how forwarding reached root-only sockets, who was at risk and how to update, shown on one running example of a team's build server.21 min read · Updated 28 Oct 2026
- File Upload API Design: Presigned URLs, Multipart and Resumable UploadsBackend · A plain-English guide to file upload API design: presigned URLs, size and type checks, S3 multipart uploads, tus resumable uploads and virus-scan hand-off, shown on one running example of a coaching app that takes lecture videos and homework PDFs.25 min read · Updated 27 Oct 2026
- Postgres Job Queue: SKIP LOCKED, Leases, Retries and When to SwitchBackend · A plain-English guide to a Postgres job queue: claiming jobs with FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED, leases for crashed workers, retries and dead jobs, LISTEN/NOTIFY, indexes and vacuum, shown on one running example of an online store's receipt emails.21 min read · Updated 27 Oct 2026
- Apache Tomcat's October 2026 Vulnerabilities Explained: Mixed-Up User ResponsesBackend · A plain-English guide to the Apache Tomcat vulnerabilities fixed in October 2026: how HTTP/2 and AJP responses could reach the wrong user, the JNDIRealm login flaw, and how to check and upgrade your Tomcat, shown on one running example of a Spring Boot order-tracking API.23 min read · Updated 26 Oct 2026
- .NET 8 End of Support Explained: Upgrade to .NET 10 Before 10 November 2026Backend · A plain-English guide to .NET 8 end of support on 10 November 2026: what stops, why apps keep running, LTS vs STS and how to upgrade to .NET 10, shown on one running example of a team with twelve container APIs.24 min read · Updated 26 Oct 2026
- GitHub's November 2026 macOS 14 Runner Retirement Explained: What to Switch ToBackend · A plain-English guide to GitHub's macOS 14 runner retirement: the October brownouts, the 2 November 2026 cutoff, pinned vs latest labels and the Xcode change, shown on one running example of an iOS app's CI pipeline.23 min read · Updated 26 Oct 2026
- OpenSSL 4.1 Explained: DTLS 1.3 for UDP and What Breaks on UpgradeBackend · A plain-English guide to OpenSSL 4.1 and DTLS 1.3: why TLS needs a UDP version, how the handshake survives lost packets, what GREASE does and what can break when you upgrade, shown on one running example of a video-call media server.25 min read · Updated 26 Oct 2026
- Redis 8.0 End of Life Explained: How to Upgrade to 8.2 Before 1 December 2026Backend · A plain-English guide to Redis 8 end of life: why only 8.0 ends on 1 December 2026, Standard vs Extended releases and how to upgrade to 8.2, shown on one running example of a food delivery app.23 min read · Updated 26 Oct 2026
- Body-Parser's October 2026 Vulnerability Explained: Upgrade to 2.4.0 or 1.20.9Backend · A plain-English guide to the body-parser vulnerability of October 2026: why trailing bytes after a gzip body crash Node.js, how Express pulls in body-parser and how to patch, shown on one running example of an Express 4 order API.21 min read · Updated 25 Oct 2026
- Email Deliverability Explained: SPF, DKIM, DMARC and Sender ReputationBackend · A plain-English guide to email deliverability: how SPF, DKIM and DMARC prove your mail is yours, what Gmail and Yahoo require, and how bounces, spam traps and warm-up shape reputation, shown on one running example of an app sending OTP and receipt emails.23 min read · Updated 25 Oct 2026
- Pandas 3.1 Explained: Inplace Deprecation, Select, Filter and Faster CSV ReadsBackend · A plain-English guide to pandas 3.1: why inplace is deprecated and how to migrate, the new select and filter tools, faster read_csv and the date unit change, shown on one running example of a shop's nightly orders script.19 min read · Updated 25 Oct 2026
- Pillow 13 Security Update Explained (October 2026): What Image Uploads Need NowBackend · A plain-English guide to the Pillow 13 security update: what the October 2026 advisories fix, why there is no 12.x patch, and how to harden image uploads, shown on one running example of a marketplace that makes thumbnails from seller photos.20 min read · Updated 25 Oct 2026
- Redis Internals Explained: Event Loop, RDB vs AOF and EvictionBackend · A plain-English guide to Redis internals: the single-threaded event loop, what blocks the server, RDB and AOF persistence, fork and eviction, shown on one running example of a food delivery app's Redis server.24 min read · Updated 25 Oct 2026
- Secrets Management Explained: Vaults, Short-Lived Credentials and RotationBackend · A plain-English guide to secrets management: why .env files stop scaling, how vaults and envelope encryption work, short-lived credentials, rotation and leak scanning, shown on one running example of a food delivery app.23 min read · Updated 25 Oct 2026
- Service Mesh Explained: Sidecars, mTLS, Retries and When You Need OneBackend · A plain-English guide to service meshes: what the proxies do, sidecar vs ambient mode, mTLS identities, retries, timeouts, canary traffic shifting and when Istio or Linkerd is worth it, shown on one running example of an orders service calling payments.23 min read · Updated 25 Oct 2026
- API Gateway vs BFF: One Shared Front Door or One Backend for Each AppBackend · A plain-English guide to API gateways and the backend-for-frontend pattern: what each layer does, how they differ and when you need both, shown on one running grocery app example.19 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Autoscaling Explained: Scale on the Right SignalBackend · A plain-English guide to autoscaling: how the scaling loop works, which metric to pick, how to beat spikes and stop flapping, shown on one running example of a flash-sale checkout.27 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Disaster Recovery: RTO, RPO and Multi-Region PlanningBackend · A plain-English guide to disaster recovery, from RTO and RPO to backups, warm standby and region failover, built on one running pension-records example.26 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- HTTP/1.1 vs HTTP/2 vs HTTP/3: What Each Version FixedBackend · A plain-English guide to HTTP/1.1, HTTP/2 and HTTP/3: what each version fixed, what one lost packet costs, and which to use, shown on one running example of a comics reading app.23 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Kubernetes Architecture Explained: Control Plane, Nodes and PodsBackend · A plain-English guide to Kubernetes architecture: the control plane, worker nodes and pods, how a deploy flows and how a cluster heals, shown on one running example of an audiobook app.26 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- October 2026 Brotli Vulnerability Explained: Find the Decoder Your App RunsBackend · A plain-English guide to the Brotli vulnerability CVE-2026-111497: which Python HTTP clients decode Brotli for you, how to find the copy your app loads and why version numbers mislead, shown on one running example of a Python service that fetches supplier feeds and receives webhooks.22 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Bun Check Explained: Type-Check TypeScript Before You Run, Test or BuildBackend · A plain-English guide to bun check, the TypeScript type checker built into Bun 1.4.3 and 1.4.4: how it compares with tsc, the --check flag, CI output and its limits, shown on one running example of an order-total bug.20 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Database Indexes Explained: B-Trees, Composite Keys and Write CostsBackend · A plain-English guide to database indexes: how a B-tree finds a row, how to order composite index columns, covering indexes, selectivity and what each index costs on writes, shown on one running example of an online shop's orders table.24 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- DNS Compression Pointer Vulnerability Explained: Per-Name vs Per-Packet CapsBackend · A plain-English guide to the October 2026 DNS compression pointer vulnerability: how RFC 1035 pointers shrink names, why reading them can be made expensive and what Unbound, PowerDNS and dnspython now limit, shown on one running example of a startup's resolver and Python mail checker.20 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- GitLab's October 2026 Regex Vulnerability Explained: Patch GitLab and RubyBackend · A plain-English guide to the GitLab regex vulnerability CVE-2026-110264 and the Ruby regex engine bugs behind it: how compiling a pattern can run code, who is at risk and how to patch, shown on one running example of a team that self-hosts GitLab.19 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Railway's October 2026 Security Incident Explained: Rotating Leaked SecretsBackend · A plain-English guide to the Railway security incident of October 2026: what the preliminary report says, why encrypted environment variables still leaked and how to rotate secrets, shown on one running example of a small team's app.21 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Coordinated Vulnerability Disclosure Explained: How Embargoes Work and BreakBackend · A plain-English guide to coordinated vulnerability disclosure: private reports, embargo rules, SECURITY.md, security.txt, advisories and the October 2026 PHP and Linux kernel embargo breaks, shown on one running example of a small open-source library's first security report.28 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- DuckDB 2.0 Explained: How to Upgrade Without Breaking Your Data FilesBackend · A plain-English guide to DuckDB 2.0: the new storage format that older versions cannot read, the query and Python changes that break, and a safe upgrade order, shown on one running example of a nightly sales job and its dashboard.22 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- Docker Containers Explained: Namespaces, Cgroups and the Root FilesystemBackend · A plain-English guide to how Docker containers work: namespaces, cgroups, the root filesystem, capabilities and seccomp, and why a container is not a VM, shown on one running example of a small team's three-container server.22 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- Laravel's October 2026 Token Guard Bypass Explained: Validate Input TypesBackend · A plain-English guide to the Laravel token guard auth bypass: how a non-string api_token slipped past the login check and matched a real user on MySQL, shown on one API export feature.15 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- Nextcloud Collabora Vulnerability 2026 Explained: Patch the Built-in CODE ServerBackend · A plain-English guide to the Nextcloud Collabora vulnerability CVE-2026-110447: how an escaped value landed inside a double-quoted shell command in proxy.php and ran code without any login, who is affected, and the fix, shown on one running example of a self-hosted file server that starts a document server on demand.18 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- Node.js's October 2026 Security Release Explained: NUL Bytes, Odd IP SpellingsBackend · A plain-English guide to the Node.js security release of 21 October 2026: the 10 CVEs, how NUL bytes and odd IP spellings slipped past checks, and how to upgrade, shown on one running example of a webhook service.24 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- Plex's October 2026 Plex2Shell Bugs Explained: How to Patch and CheckBackend · A plain-English guide to Plex2Shell, the four Plex Media Server bugs that chain into remote code execution, fixed in 1.43.3.10861: how they work, who is at risk and how to patch and check, shown on one home media server.19 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- psqlODBC's October 2026 CVE Explained: When Huge IN Lists Corrupt the HeapBackend · A plain-English guide to the psqlODBC vulnerability CVE-2026-109448: how a 16-bit parameter count wrapped, what 18.00.0005 changed, how to check and upgrade, shown on one running example of a nightly ID export.21 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- Zeabur's October 2026 Security Incident Explained: Plaintext Admin TokensBackend · A plain-English guide to the Zeabur security incident: the plaintext admin tokens that never expired, what users must rotate, how to leave before 1 December 2026, and token hashing, expiry and inventory, shown on one running example of a food-ordering app.24 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- API Pagination: Offset vs Cursor, and Why Offsets BreakBackend · A plain-English guide to API pagination: why offset pages repeat and skip items and how cursors fix it, shown on one running example of a busy city classifieds feed.23 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- API Versioning Strategies: URL, Header or Evolve in PlaceBackend · A plain-English guide to API versioning that compares URL, header and evolve-in-place strategies, built on one running GST-invoicing API example.24 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Deployment Strategies: Blue-Green, Canary and RollingBackend · A plain-English guide to blue-green, canary and rolling deployments: how each one moves users, how to change the database safely and how to roll back fast, shown on one running example of a small-loans app.20 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Idempotency Keys Explained: Safe Retries Without Double ChargesBackend · A plain-English guide to idempotency keys: how they make API retries safe and stop double charges, built on one running UPI bill-payments example.22 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Monolith vs Microservices: When to Split, and When Not ToBackend · A plain-English guide to monolith vs microservices: what each really costs, when a split pays and how to split safely, shown on one running example of a growing matrimony site.23 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- OAuth vs OIDC vs SAML: Login vs Access, Explained ClearlyBackend · A plain-English guide to OAuth 2.0, OpenID Connect and SAML, showing which one proves who you are and which one grants access, built on one running single sign-on example.23 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Payment Gateway API Design: From Intents to WebhooksBackend · A plain-English guide to payment gateway API design: payment intents, payment states, idempotency keys, signed webhooks and refunds, shown on one running example of a gateway for small Indian sellers.26 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- REST vs GraphQL vs gRPC: Pick a Style Per Use CaseBackend · A plain-English guide to REST, GraphQL and gRPC: how each works, what each costs, and how to pick one per caller, built on one running rental-listings example.26 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Webhook Design: Retries, Signatures and OrderingBackend · A plain-English guide to webhook design: retries, HMAC signatures, duplicates, ordering and safe URLs, shown on one running example of a freight-booking platform.23 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- eMudhra's October 2026 CA Compromise Explained: Weak Keys and What to UpdateBackend · A plain-English guide to the eMudhra certificate compromise: why eight intermediate CA keys were guessable, how browsers blocked them in hours, and what servers must update, shown on one running example of a Python payments service in an old Docker image.20 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- Multi-Perspective Issuance Corroboration Explained: How CAs Outvote BGP HijacksBackend · A plain-English guide to multi-perspective issuance corroboration (MPIC): how certificate authorities confirm domain checks from several networks, what changes on 15 December 2026 and which BGP hijacks it stops, shown on one running example of a small online store renewing its certificate.20 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- PHP's October 2026 PHP2Shell Bugs Explained: How to Patch and VerifyBackend · A plain-English guide to PHP2Shell, the two critical PHP remote code execution bugs fixed on 21 October 2026: how they work, who is at risk and how to patch and verify, shown on one running example of a small online store's Ubuntu server.21 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- WebSockets vs SSE vs Long Polling: Real-Time Options and CostsBackend · A plain-English guide to short polling, long polling, server-sent events and WebSockets: how each works, what each costs and how to choose, shown on one running example of a live auction site.26 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- API Latency Budgets: Estimating Response TimeBackend · A plain-English guide to API latency estimation: add up every hop, handshake and parallel call, set a p99 budget and check it, shown on one running example of a truck-hire quote API.28 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Chaos Engineering and Fault Injection: Break It on PurposeBackend · A beginner-friendly guide to chaos engineering and fault injection: how to plan, run and stop safe failure experiments, built on one running scooter rental example.30 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Cloud Cost Optimization: Rightsizing, Reservations and WasteBackend · A plain-English guide to cloud cost optimization: finding waste, rightsizing servers, buying commitments and using spot capacity, shown on one running example of a mobile game studio.26 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- CORS Explained: Why the Browser Blocks Your RequestBackend · A plain-English guide to CORS: origins, preflight requests, the response headers your API must send and how to fix CORS errors safely, built on one running example of an embedded paint widget.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Event-Driven Architecture with Fan-Out QueuesBackend · A plain-English guide to event-driven architecture: SNS and SQS fan-out, filters, retries, dead-letter queues and duplicate-safe consumers, shown on one running example of an online store's checkout.24 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- How TLS Works: The HTTPS Handshake and CertificatesBackend · A plain-English guide to how TLS and HTTPS work: the TLS 1.3 handshake, certificates, the chain of trust and renewals, shown on one running example of an online signing service.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- JSON vs Protobuf vs Avro: Size, Speed and Schema ChangesBackend · A plain-English guide to JSON vs Protobuf vs Avro: message size, decode speed and schema evolution, shown on one running example of GPS trackers on fishing boats.24 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Liveness vs Readiness Probes: Stop Routing to Sick PodsBackend · A plain-English guide to liveness, readiness and startup probes in Kubernetes: what each one checks, what happens on failure and how to set them, built on one running ambulance dispatch example.22 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Serverless Trade-Offs: Cold Starts, Limits and Cost CurvesBackend · A plain-English guide to serverless trade-offs: cold starts, platform limits and the cost curve against always-on servers, shown on one running example of a GST invoice service.19 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Docker Hub's October 2026 GhostPat Flaw Explained: When a Token Changes OwnersBackend · A plain-English guide to the Docker Hub GhostPat vulnerability: how converting an account into an organisation passed working tokens to another user and what to check now, shown on one running example of a team's build-server token.18 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Domain-Driven Design and Bounded Contexts, Explained SimplyBackend · A plain-English guide to domain-driven design and bounded contexts: ubiquitous language, context maps, translation layers and aggregates, shown on one running example of a farm-to-home produce marketplace.27 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Encryption Basics: Symmetric, Asymmetric and SignaturesBackend · A plain-English guide to encryption basics: what symmetric encryption, asymmetric encryption and digital signatures each protect, shown on one running example of a family document vault.22 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- GitHub's November 2026 Pull Request Target Block Explained: How to Fix WorkflowsBackend · A plain-English guide to GitHub's default block on the pull_request_target trigger from 2 November 2026: what pwn requests are, who is affected and how to fix workflows, shown on one running example of an open-source library's docs preview.20 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- HTTP Connection Reuse Explained: Keep-Alive, Pools and Unread Response BodiesBackend · A plain-English guide to HTTP connection reuse: keep-alive, connection pools and why unread response bodies block reuse, tested on Go 1.27.2 and Python requests. It follows one running example of a parcel-tracking team calling a partner API.18 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- How to Resolve Merge Conflicts in GitHub Desktop Without Losing WorkBackend · A plain-English guide to resolving merge conflicts in GitHub Desktop without backups or discarded work, shown on one running example of a two-person web team.27 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Service Discovery Explained: How Microservices Find Each OtherBackend · A plain-English guide to service discovery: registries, health checks, client-side and server-side lookups, DNS caching and Kubernetes, shown on one running example of a podcast app's play button.22 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Strangler Fig Pattern: Replace a Monolith One Route at a TimeBackend · A plain-English guide to the strangler fig pattern: a facade in front of a monolith, one route moved at a time, shadow traffic and data sync, shown on one running example of an insurance member portal.30 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Linux's October 2026 Vghost Bug Explained: Who Is Exposed and What to PatchBackend · A plain-English guide to the Vghost Linux vhost vulnerability (CVE-2026-74580): who is exposed, which kernels fix it and how to check and lock down hosts, shown on one running example of a hosting team's VM hosts and build servers.18 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Oblivious HTTP Explained: How Relays and Gateways Hide Your IPBackend · A plain-English guide to Oblivious HTTP (RFC 9458): what the relay and the gateway each see, how HPKE seals a request, and why two separate operators are needed, shown on one running example of a symptom-checker app.13 min read · Updated 19 Oct 2026
- Passkeys vs TOTP Explained: Phishing Resistance, Attestation and RecoveryBackend · A plain-English guide to passkeys vs TOTP after the October 2026 "passkeys are a trap" debate: origin binding, relayed codes, synced and device-bound passkeys, attestation and recovery, shown on one running example of a Pune payroll app.19 min read · Updated 19 Oct 2026
- PgBouncer's October 2026 Authentication Bypass Explained: Upgrade to 1.26.1Backend · A plain-English guide to the PgBouncer authentication bypass and two denial-of-service bugs fixed in version 1.26.1: how pooling and SCRAM logins work, how to check exposure and how to patch, shown on one running example of a food ordering app's database pooler.18 min read · Updated 19 Oct 2026
- AWS Lambda Web Functions Explained: One Environment, Many Concurrent RequestsBackend · A plain-English guide to AWS Lambda Web Functions: how one environment serves many HTTP requests at once and what that changes for state, cold starts, billing and rollouts, shown on one running example of an office lunch-ordering API.13 min read · Updated 19 Oct 2026
- Curl's October 2026 HTTP/2 Use-After-Free Explained: Upgrade to 8.23.0Backend · A plain-English guide to the curl HTTP/2 use-after-free (CVE-2026-92392): how a stream reset leaves a stale pointer, who is exposed through libcurl and how to patch, shown on one running example of a desktop billing app.18 min read · Updated 19 Oct 2026
- GitHub's November 2026 App Token Cutoff Explained: Treat Tokens as OpaqueBackend · A plain-English guide to the GitHub App installation token format change: stateful vs stateless tokens, why tokens must stay opaque and what to fix before 30 November 2026, shown on one running example of a pull-request review bot.13 min read · Updated 19 Oct 2026
- Loom Auth Bypass Explained (CVE-2026-103956): Fail-Closed Login and SSRF FixesBackend · A plain-English guide to CVE-2026-103956 and two Loom SSRF bugs: fail-open vs fail-closed login, outbound URL guards and what operators must do. Everything is shown on one running example of a Kochi houseboat-booking team.21 min read · Updated 19 Oct 2026
- OpenSSH's October 2026 Side-Channel Fix Explained: What Admins Should DoBackend · A plain-English guide to the SSH compression side channel fixed in OpenSSH 10.6: how a shared compressor leaks secrets through packet sizes and what admins should change, shown on one running example of a developer's Redis tunnel through an SSH jump box.13 min read · Updated 19 Oct 2026
- PostgreSQL 14 End of Life Explained: How to Upgrade Before 12 November 2026Backend · A plain-English guide to PostgreSQL 14 end of life: what stops on 12 November 2026, the risks of staying, the three upgrade paths and how to pick a target version, shown on one running example of a medicine delivery app.19 min read · Updated 19 Oct 2026
- PostgreSQL JDBC's October 2026 CVEs Explained: Fail-Open Auth and Padding LeaksBackend · A plain-English guide to the PostgreSQL JDBC vulnerability fixed in pgjdbc 42.7.14: a login rule that failed open, padding that leaked old bytes and what to do, shown on one running example of a GST invoicing app.17 min read · Updated 19 Oct 2026
- Python 3.10 End of Life Explained: Upgrade Before the 31 October Lambda DeadlineBackend · A plain-English guide to Python 3.10 end of life: what stopped on 1 October 2026, when AWS Lambda and PyTorch drop 3.10 and how to upgrade to 3.14 safely, shown on one running example of a school-fees platform.20 min read · Updated 19 Oct 2026
- Linux's October 2026 PwnEscape Bug Explained: How a Checksum Hint Leaks MemoryBackend · A plain-English guide to the PwnEscape KVM escape (CVE-2026-99999): how a guest VM's checksum hint corrupted a host IPv4 header, who is exposed and how to patch, shown on one running example of a KVM sandbox host.12 min read · Updated 19 Oct 2026
- OpenBSD's October 2026 Big Fish Bug Explained: When a 16-Bit Counter WrapsBackend · A plain-English guide to the OpenBSD Big Fish bug: how a 16-bit shared memory counter wrapped, why that leads to use-after-free and how to patch, shown on one running example of a hosting team's firewalls and build servers.18 min read · Updated 19 Oct 2026
- RPKI Route Origin Validation Explained: How ROAs Flag Wrong-Origin RoutesBackend · A plain-English guide to RPKI route origin validation: what a ROA and maxLength say, how routers mark routes Valid, Invalid or NotFound and what ROV still misses, shown on one running example of a payment gateway in Pune.20 min read · Updated 19 Oct 2026
- The End of Leap Seconds Explained: What Continuous UTC Means for Your CodeBackend · A plain-English guide to the end of leap seconds: what CGPM Resolution 5 changes from 20 May 2027, why leap seconds broke software, how stepping and smearing work and what to check, shown on one running example of a payments settlement service.18 min read · Updated 19 Oct 2026
- GitHub's November 2026 SSH RSA Brownout Explained: Fix Clients, Keep RSA KeysBackend · A plain-English guide to the GitHub SSH RSA deprecation: why SHA-1 ssh-rsa signatures and an old key exchange are going, how to test and fix clients and how to move to Ed25519, shown on one running example of a payments team's build server.22 min read · Updated 19 Oct 2026
- NGINX's October 2026 Vulnerabilities Explained: Five Config Patterns to AuditBackend · A plain-English guide to the five nginx flaws fixed on 14 October 2026: which config pattern exposes each one, how to find it with nginx -T and how to upgrade or work around it, shown on one running example of a grocery delivery company's four nginx servers.18 min read · Updated 19 Oct 2026
- NIST Curve Seeds Explained: How P-256 Was Traced to a 1997 TimestampBackend · A plain-English guide to the NIST curve seeds: how researchers traced P-256 to rand48 and a 1997 timestamp, why that leaves too little room for a backdoor and how to make constants verifiable, shown on one running example of a payments team answering a bank's security questionnaire.19 min read · Updated 19 Oct 2026
- npm October 2026 SlugFest Flaw Explained: How Reclaimed Repo Names Could PublishBackend · A plain-English guide to the npm trusted publishing vulnerability called SlugFest: how OIDC publishing works, why a reclaimed repository name could publish and what to fix, shown on one running example of a payment widget package whose GitHub organisation was renamed.20 min read · Updated 19 Oct 2026
- Polars 2.0 Explained: Streaming Default, Spill-to-Disk and Breaking ChangesBackend · A plain-English guide to Polars 2.0: what the streaming default and spill-to-disk change for your queries, which breaking changes fail silently, and how to upgrade safely.20 min read · Updated 19 Oct 2026
- Telegram Desktop's October 2026 Bug Explained: A Semicolon Put Sessions at RiskBackend · A plain-English guide to the Telegram Desktop vulnerability CVE-2026-107181: how one crafted link smuggled an extra record into the app and could leak session files, shown on one running example of a desktop app that passes clicked links to its running copy.18 min read · Updated 19 Oct 2026
- Networking from First Principles: What Happens When You Type a URLBackend · Follow one request from the address bar to the server and back: DNS, TCP, TLS 1.3, HTTP/2 and HTTP/3, CDNs, load balancers and rendering, explained from first principles with diagrams.15 min read · Updated 6 Oct 2026
- Message Queues from First Principles: Kafka vs RabbitMQ vs SQSBackend · What a queue actually solves, queues vs logs, delivery guarantees, idempotent consumers, ordering, retries and dead-letter queues, and an honest comparison of Kafka, RabbitMQ and SQS.15 min read · Updated 5 Oct 2026
- Caching from First Principles: Strategies, Invalidation and Cache StampedesBackend · Why caches work, where to put them, cache-aside vs write-through vs write-back, TTLs and invalidation, eviction policies, and how to stop a cache stampede from taking your database down.14 min read · Updated 3 Oct 2026
- Databases from First Principles: How Storage, Indexes and Transactions Really WorkBackend · A first-principles guide to databases: how rows hit disk, why B-trees and LSM trees exist, what an index really costs, how transactions and isolation levels work, and when to pick SQL or NoSQL.16 min read · Updated 2 Oct 2026
- Railway's September 30, 2026 Outage Explained: When a Deploy Beat Its SchemaBackend · A plain-English breakdown of the Railway routing outage on September 30, 2026: what users saw, the schema and deploy race behind it, why it hit every region, and the deployment lessons every team can apply.10 min read · Updated 2 Oct 2026
- TanStack npm Hack Explained: What JavaScript Developers Must Do NowBackend · A practical visual guide to the TanStack npm supply chain compromise of May 2026, including how the attack worked, why trusted publishing did not save it, what the malware did, and the exact response steps JavaScript teams should take now.18 min read · Updated 12 May 2026
- Vercel’s April 2026 Security Breach, Explained: The OAuth Supply-Chain Attack Every Engineering Team Should StudyBackend · A detailed technical breakdown of Vercel’s April 2026 security incident, covering the attack chain, OAuth risk, environment variable exposure, incident response lessons, and what engineering teams should do next.18 min read · Updated 20 Apr 2026
- Backend Engineering from First PrinciplesBackend · A detailed guide to backend engineering from first principles. Learn how backend systems really work beyond CRUD APIs, including requests, HTTP, routing, authentication, validation, business logic, databases, caching, queues, observability, security, scaling, testing, OpenAPI, webhooks, and DevOps.18 min read · Updated 13 Apr 2026
- Axios Supply Chain Attack 2026: Malicious npm Versions, Postinstall Malware, and How to Protect Your SystemsBackend · A practical, source-backed guide to the Axios npm supply chain compromise in March 2026, including the malicious versions, the postinstall malware behavior, exposure checks, and the remediation steps engineering teams should take now.16 min read · Updated 31 Mar 2026
Frontend
React, Next.js, TypeScript and machine coding rounds.
- Faceted Search Explained: Filter URLs, Honest Counts and the Back ButtonFrontend · A plain-English guide to faceted search on the front end: filters in the URL, pushState vs replaceState, popstate, honest facet counts and zero-result rules, shown on one running example of a small shoe shop.22 min read · Updated 1 Nov 2026
- Browser Code Editor Design: Piece Tables, Incremental Parsing and LSPFrontend · A plain-English guide to browser code editor design: why a textarea fails, how editors store text in piece tables and trees, re-parse only what changed, draw only visible lines and get language smarts from workers and LSP, shown on one running example of a coding-practice site's editor.28 min read · Updated 29 Oct 2026
- Dashboard Frontend Design: Frame Budgets, Live Updates and DownsamplingFrontend · A plain-English guide to dashboard frontend design: frame budgets, SVG vs canvas, push vs polling, requestAnimationFrame batching, LTTB and min-max downsampling, hidden tabs, resizing and accessible charts, shown on one running example of a live operations dashboard.32 min read · Updated 29 Oct 2026
- DOMPurify's October 2026 Bypasses Explained: Audit Your Sanitiser ConfigFrontend · A plain-English guide to the DOMPurify bypass advisories of October 2026: which non-default options were exposed, what 3.4.17 fixes and how to audit your own config, shown on one running example of a web app with three sanitiser setups.18 min read · Updated 28 Oct 2026
- Rich Text Editor Design: Document Model, Selections, Paste and UndoFrontend · A plain-English guide to rich text editor design: why contenteditable alone misleads, a document model kept apart from the DOM, selections, beforeinput, safe paste and undo, shown on one running example of a web app's notes box.26 min read · Updated 28 Oct 2026
- Sentry's September 2026 Next.js Flaw Explained: Why Middleware-Only Auth FailsFrontend · A plain-English guide to the @sentry/nextjs vulnerability of 2026: how tunnelRoute let requests skip middleware on webpack builds, who is affected and how to fix it, shown on one running example of a two-language app.20 min read · Updated 28 Oct 2026
- Spreadsheet Frontend Design: Virtualised Canvas, Formula Graphs and Copy-PasteFrontend · A plain-English guide to spreadsheet frontend design: virtualised canvas rendering, a formula dependency graph with topological recalculation and cycle checks, selection ranges and clipboard formats, shown on one running example of a distributor's stock sheet.26 min read · Updated 28 Oct 2026
- Angular 20 End of Life Explained: Upgrade to 22 Before 28 NovemberFrontend · A plain-English guide to Angular 20 end of life: what stops on 28 November 2026, why ng update goes one major at a time, and what breaks from 20 to 21 to 22, shown on one running example of an order-tracking portal.26 min read · Updated 26 Oct 2026
- Biome 2.6 Explained: What It Can Replace in Prettier, ESLint and StylelintFrontend · A plain-English guide to Biome 2.6: what it can now replace in a Prettier, ESLint and Stylelint setup, what is still preview, and how to migrate safely, shown on one running example of a React and Tailwind repo.24 min read · Updated 26 Oct 2026
- Electron 45 Explained (October 2026): Breaking Changes to Fix Before You UpgradeFrontend · A plain-English guide to Electron 45: the Chromium 156 upgrade, the preload, screen-sharing, tracing and safeStorage changes, and how to check each fix, shown on one running example of a shop billing app.26 min read · Updated 26 Oct 2026
- Vitest's October 2026 Vulnerability Explained: How Test Servers Leaked SecretsFrontend · A plain-English guide to the Vitest vulnerability CVE-2026-112948: which Vitest 5 test servers served .env files and tokens, why, and how to fix and check it, shown on one running example of a Browser Mode test setup.21 min read · Updated 26 Oct 2026
- Web Font Loading Explained: Stop Invisible Text and Layout ShiftFrontend · A plain-English guide to web font loading: FOIT and FOUT, font-display, WOFF2, subsetting with unicode-range, variable fonts and metric-matched fallbacks, shown on one running example of a Hindi and English news site.21 min read · Updated 26 Oct 2026
- WebGPU Inference Explained: Running ML Models in the BrowserFrontend · A plain-English guide to WebGPU inference: browser support, GPU buffer limits, the WebAssembly fallback, caching model weights and when a server is the better choice, shown on one running example of a complaint tagger.20 min read · Updated 26 Oct 2026
- Frontend Memory Leaks Explained: Detached DOM, Listeners and Heap SnapshotsFrontend · A plain-English guide to frontend memory leaks: how forgotten listeners, timers, closures and caches keep removed DOM in memory, how to find them with heap snapshots, and how to fix and test them, shown on one running example of an orders dashboard panel.22 min read · Updated 25 Oct 2026
- JavaScript Code Splitting and Tree Shaking: How to Cut Bundle SizeFrontend · A plain-English guide to JavaScript code splitting and tree shaking: dynamic import() chunks, sideEffects in package.json, why CommonJS blocks shaking and size budgets, shown on one running example of a shop admin app with a heavy reports page.22 min read · Updated 25 Oct 2026
- Service Workers Explained: Offline-First Caching Without Stale AppsFrontend · A plain-English guide to service workers: caching strategies per file type, the install, waiting and activate lifecycle, and safe updates, shown on one running example of a delivery riders' drop-list app.21 min read · Updated 25 Oct 2026
- Session Replay Explained: How DOM Recording Masks Passwords and PIIFrontend · A plain-English guide to session replay: how it records DOM snapshots and changes instead of video, how masking keeps passwords and PII out, what consent requires and how big recordings get, shown on one running example of a store's checkout bug.19 min read · Updated 25 Oct 2026
- Storybook's October 2026 Vulnerabilities Explained: Lock Down Your Dev ServerFrontend · A plain-English guide to the two October 2026 Storybook dev server advisories: how a website or a Wi-Fi neighbour could write story files, what the fixed versions change and how to check your setup, shown on one running example of a design-system repo.20 min read · Updated 25 Oct 2026
- Core Web Vitals Explained: LCP, INP and CLS With Real FixesFrontend · A plain-English guide to Core Web Vitals: what LCP, INP and CLS measure, the good lines, and the fixes that move each one, shown on one running example of an online jewellery store's product page.28 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Frontend State Management at Scale: Server State vs UI StateFrontend · A plain-English guide to frontend state management at scale: server state, UI state, URL state, caches and stores, built on one running seller dashboard example.25 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Frontend System Design Interview: A Five-Step FrameworkFrontend · A plain-English guide to the frontend system design interview: a five-step framework from requirements to speed and accessibility, shown on one running example of a shopping search page.28 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Design a News Feed Frontend: Virtualized Lists, Likes, CachingFrontend · A plain-English guide to the UI layer of a news feed: virtualized lists, infinite scroll, optimistic likes and client caching, built on one running community app example.27 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Chrome's October 2026 Privacy Sandbox Removal Explained: What Ad Code Must DoFrontend · A plain-English guide to the Chrome Privacy Sandbox removal: which ad APIs go, the October and November 2026 dates, why stubs fool feature detection and how to fix ad code, shown on one running example of a news site's ad script.21 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- React Server Components Explained: What Runs Where and What ShipsFrontend · A plain-English guide to React Server Components: what runs on the server, what ships to the browser, the serialisable props boundary, Server Functions and security, shown on one running example of an online shop product page.22 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Streaming LLM Responses: Render Tokens in a Chat UI Without JankFrontend · A plain-English guide to streaming LLM responses in the browser: fetch streams, safe UTF-8 decoding, SSE parsing, frame batching, scroll, stop and resume, shown on one running example of a Hindi and English homework-help chat.26 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- Core Web Vitals for Single Page Apps: Soft Navigations ExplainedFrontend · A plain-English guide to Core Web Vitals for single page apps: measuring LCP, INP and CLS per route with Chrome's soft navigation entries, shown on one food-ordering app.20 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- Out of Order HTML Streaming: Show the Page Shell First, Slow Parts LaterFrontend · A plain-English guide to out-of-order HTML streaming: named placeholders, the template element's for attribute, a Python streaming server, proxy buffering and fallbacks, shown on one running example of a travel booking page.19 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- Chrome's November 2026 XSLT Removal Explained: What Breaks and How to MigrateFrontend · A plain-English guide to the Chrome XSLT removal: what stops working in Chrome 158 on 17 November 2026, how to find XSLT usage and how to migrate, shown on one running example of a styled blog RSS feed.19 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- Mermaid to SVG Explained: Rendering Diagrams at Build Time with PeleFrontend · A plain-English guide to rendering Mermaid diagrams to SVG: why build-time rendering beats shipping a large renderer to every reader, what Pele 1.9 changes and what to check, shown on one running example of a team's docs handbook.27 min read · Updated 23 Oct 2026
- Design a Calendar Frontend: Recurring Events and DragFrontend · A plain-English guide to calendar frontend design: recurring events, week layout, drag-to-reschedule, safe saves, time zones and accessibility, shown on one running example of a clinic and salon booking app.26 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Design a Chat App Frontend: Sockets, Offline Queue, ReceiptsFrontend · A plain-English guide to the client side of a chat app: WebSocket heartbeats and reconnects, an offline outbox, message ordering and read receipts, shown on one running family and shop messaging example.26 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Cookies vs Sessions vs Tokens in the BrowserFrontend · A plain-English guide to where a web app should keep login state, comparing cookies, server sessions and tokens like JWTs on one running net-banking example.26 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- How Browsers Render a Page: The Critical Rendering PathFrontend · A plain-English guide to the critical rendering path, from HTML bytes to pixels, built on one running example of a light Hindi news site for cheap phones.20 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Frontend Accessibility and i18n: Design for Every UserFrontend · A plain-English guide to frontend accessibility and internationalization, built on one running example: a pension web app used by retirees in 12 Indian languages.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Frontend Security: XSS, CSRF and CSP ExplainedFrontend · A plain-English guide to frontend security: how XSS, CSRF and clickjacking work and how to block them, built on one running credit society portal example.26 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Image Optimization: Formats, Sizes and Lazy LoadingFrontend · A plain-English guide to image and media optimization on the web: formats, responsive sizes, lazy loading and video, built on one running example of a craft marketplace.30 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Design a Ride-Hailing Map Frontend: Live Locations, Less BatteryFrontend · A plain-English guide to designing a real-time map frontend for a ride-hailing app: GPS send rules, live connections, smooth markers and battery care, shown on one running example of an auto-rickshaw booking service.28 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Rendering Patterns Explained: When to Use CSR, SSR, SSG and ISRFrontend · A plain-English guide to CSR, SSR, SSG and ISR: where each one builds the HTML and which pages need which, shown on one running example of an online shoe store.27 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Design a Video Player Frontend (HLS and Adaptive Bitrate)Frontend · A plain-English guide to designing a video streaming frontend: HLS playlists, adaptive bitrate, buffer limits and fast startup, shown on one running example of a streaming app used on slow mobile networks.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Micro-Frontends: When Splitting the Frontend Helps TeamsFrontend · A plain-English guide to micro frontends: what they are, how the pieces join on one page, what they cost, and when they help, built on one running super-app example.25 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Real User Monitoring: Measure What Users Actually FeelFrontend · A plain-English guide to real user monitoring: what the browser measures, how beacons travel and how to read p75, shown on one running example of a small online store.27 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- SPA vs MPA: Choosing the Shape of Your Web AppFrontend · A plain-English guide to single-page and multi-page web apps: how each one works, where each one breaks, and how to choose, shown on one running example of a wedding-booking site.26 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Next.js October 2026 Security Update Explained: Two RCEs and What to UpgradeFrontend · A plain-English guide to the Next.js October 2026 security update: two remote code execution bugs, a Server Actions denial of service and what to upgrade, shown on one running example of a tiffin service's two apps.21 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Next.js Partial Prefetching Explained: How ensureStatic Keeps Routes StaticFrontend · A plain-English guide to Next.js Partial Prefetching and ensureStatic in Next.js 16.4: the three loading stages, the new deferring functions and which settings fail the build, shown on one running example of an online spice shop.20 min read · Updated 19 Oct 2026
- JPEG XL Chrome Support Explained: When to Use It Over AVIF or WebPFrontend · A plain-English guide to JPEG XL support in Chrome 155: what the Rust decoder changes, where JPEG XL beats AVIF and WebP, and how to serve it with safe fallbacks, shown on one running example of a jewellery shop's product photos.19 min read · Updated 19 Oct 2026
- Frontend Machine Coding: Nested Checkbox Tree in ReactFrontend · Learn how to solve the Nested Checkbox Tree machine coding problem in React using recursion, parent-child synchronization, and scalable state management.8 min read · Updated 16 Apr 2026
- Frontend Machine Coding: How to Build a Shopping Cart Sidebar in ReactFrontend · A complete beginner-friendly blog on how to build a Shopping Cart Sidebar in React for frontend machine coding rounds. It covers component thinking, state management, cart logic, UI structure, derived values, localStorage persistence, cart badge count, safer quantity controls, edge cases, and interview tips in very easy language.14 min read · Updated 10 Apr 2026
- Frontend Machine Coding: Build a Credit Card Input Feature (Complete Interview Guide)Frontend · A complete, interview-ready guide to building a credit card input system with formatting, card detection, validation, masking, UX improvements, and real-world edge cases.25 min read · Updated 25 Mar 2026
- Frontend Machine Coding: How to Build an OTP Input FeatureFrontend · A detailed guide to solving a frontend machine coding round question by building an OTP input component with clean state management, keyboard handling, focus movement, paste support, and edge cases.14 min read · Updated 20 Mar 2026
- Frontend Machine Coding: How to Build an Infinite Scroll ListFrontend · A detailed guide to building an infinite scroll list for frontend machine coding rounds, covering scroll detection, pagination, performance, and real-world edge cases.16 min read · Updated 20 Mar 2026
- Frontend Machine Coding: How to Build a Multi-Step FormFrontend · A detailed guide to building a multi-step form for frontend machine coding rounds, covering state management, validation, navigation, and real-world UX patterns.16 min read · Updated 20 Mar 2026
- Frontend Machine Coding: How to Build a Virtualized ListFrontend · A detailed guide to building a virtualized list for frontend machine coding rounds, covering rendering optimization, scroll calculations, visible windowing, and real-world performance trade-offs.17 min read · Updated 20 Mar 2026
- API Caching Explained: React Query, SWR, and Apollo ClientFrontend · A deep-dive into API caching from a system design perspective, covering React Query, SWR, and Apollo Client with real-world trade-offs.8 min read · Updated 29 Jan 2026
- React Performance Optimization: A Practical Guide for Production AppsFrontend · Comprehensive guide to optimizing React applications with modern techniques, tools, and real-world patterns for production-level performance.10 min read · Updated 28 Jan 2026
- Advanced TypeScript Patterns: From Intermediate to Expert LevelFrontend · Master advanced TypeScript concepts including conditional types, mapped types, type guards, and practical patterns used in large-scale applications.12 min read · Updated 27 Jan 2026
- Next.js 14 App Router: Complete Guide with Best PracticesFrontend · Master Next.js 14's App Router with comprehensive coverage of server components, streaming, caching, and production-ready patterns.15 min read · Updated 26 Jan 2026
DSA
The core patterns behind coding interview questions.
Interview prep
How interviews work now and how to prepare for them.
- First 90 Days as a Software Engineer: Questions, Owners and a 30-60-90 PlanInterview prep · A plain-English guide to your first 90 days as a software engineer: early wins vs deep ramp-up, a question budget, finding real code owners with CODEOWNERS and git history, on-call shadowing and a 30-60-90 plan, shown on one running example of a refunds team.22 min read · Updated 2 Nov 2026
- Mobile System Design Interview: Offline Sync, Battery and a 45-Minute PlanInterview prep · A plain-English guide to the mobile system design interview: offline-first storage, sync and conflicts, Android and iOS background limits, push, app size and rollouts, shown on one running example of a field sales order app.31 min read · Updated 29 Oct 2026
- Product Architecture Interview: User Journeys, APIs and Data ModelsInterview prep · A plain-English guide to the product architecture interview: how it differs from an infrastructure system design round, how to frame user journeys, answer API-first and model the data, and what interviewers score, shown on one running example of event invites and RSVPs.28 min read · Updated 29 Oct 2026
- AI Mock Interview Practice: What It Grades Well and Where It MisleadsInterview prep · A plain-English guide to AI mock interview practice: what a chat assistant grades well, where its feedback misleads, reusable prompts, a rubric and a weekly plan, shown on one running example of a student preparing a URL shortener round.21 min read · Updated 28 Oct 2026
- Take-Home Assignments: Scope, README, Tests and When to DeclineInterview prep · A plain-English guide to take-home coding assignments: scoping to the time box, what reviewers say they grade, the README, tests, red flags and when to decline, shown on one running example of a four-hour expense-summary task.25 min read · Updated 28 Oct 2026
- How to Ask for a Referral: Getting Engineering Interviews in IndiaInterview prep · A plain-English guide to how to ask for a referral: why referrals beat job portals, how recruiters and open source fit in, how referral systems work and how to spot fee scams, shown on one running example of a final-year student's job search.20 min read · Updated 27 Oct 2026
- Software Engineer Resume: Impact Bullets, ATS Parsing and Honest TailoringInterview prep · A plain-English guide to the software engineer resume: impact bullets, structure, projects, ATS parsing and honest tailoring, shown on one running example of a vague backend bullet rewritten step by step.19 min read · Updated 27 Oct 2026
- API Design Interview: How the Round Runs and How You Are ScoredInterview prep · A plain-English guide to the API design interview: the 45-minute flow, resources and endpoints, status codes, safe retries, cursor paging, errors and a practice rubric, shown on one running example of a clinic booking API.21 min read · Updated 25 Oct 2026
- Behavioral Interview Prep for Engineers: Build a Story Bank From Six ProjectsInterview prep · A plain-English guide to behavioral interviews for engineers: what they test, how to turn six projects into a story bank, STAR without sounding robotic, and conflict and failure answers, shown on one running example of a payments engineer.20 min read · Updated 25 Oct 2026
- Engineering Manager Interview: People, Delivery and Technical Rounds ExplainedInterview prep · A plain-English guide to the engineering manager interview: the rounds, what panels score, how to answer people, delivery and project questions, and a prep plan, shown on one running example of a senior engineer's first manager loop.21 min read · Updated 25 Oct 2026
- How to Become a Staff Engineer: Scope, Influence and the Promo CaseInterview prep · A plain-English guide to the staff engineer path: what public career ladders ask for, scope vs output, the four archetypes, writing, and building a promotion case, shown on one running example of a cross-team payments bug.25 min read · Updated 25 Oct 2026
- Salary Negotiation for Engineers in India: CTC, Levers and ScriptsInterview prep · A plain-English guide to salary negotiation for engineers in India: what each CTC line really pays, which levers move, and a respectful email script, shown on one running example of two made-up job offers.23 min read · Updated 24 Oct 2026
- System Design Interview Framework: A Repeatable 45-Minute PlanInterview prep · A plain-English guide to the system design interview framework: a 45-minute plan from requirements to trade-offs, shown on one running mock interview for a shipment tracking service.22 min read · Updated 22 Oct 2026
- AI Engineer Interview Prep: Rounds, Questions and Study PlanInterview prep · A plain-English guide to the AI engineer interview loop: each round, sample questions, tested code and an 8-week study plan, shown on one running example of an invoice question assistant.27 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Forward Deployed Engineer: Role, Skills and RoadmapInterview prep · A plain-English guide to the forward deployed engineer role: how it differs from an AI solutions architect, daily work, skills, a roadmap, the interview and career paths, told through one running example.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- GenAI System Design Interview: How the Round WorksInterview prep · A plain-English guide to the GenAI system design interview: how it is scored, how to spend 45 minutes, and a worked insurance Q&A answer, built on one running example.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- System Design Interview Levels: Junior vs Senior vs StaffInterview prep · A plain-English guide to how junior, senior and staff answers differ in a system design interview, built on one live order tracking question answered three ways.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Common System Design Interview Mistakes and How to Fix ThemInterview prep · A plain-English guide to the mistakes that sink strong candidates in system design interviews, and how to fix each one, shown on one running mock interview for a concert ticket booking system.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
- Low-Level Design Interview Guide: How LLD Rounds Are JudgedInterview prep · A plain-English guide to how low-level design interview rounds are judged: the signals, the first ten minutes, classes, patterns and change requests, shown on one running example of a meeting room booking system.25 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- Using Diagrams Well in System Design InterviewsInterview prep · A plain-English guide to system design diagrams in interviews: how many boxes to draw, how to label arrows, numbered request flows and zoomed sketches, shown on one running example of a URL shortener.25 min read · Updated 20 Oct 2026
- AI-Assisted Coding Interviews in 2026: What Changed and How to PrepareInterview prep · Coding interviews now let you use AI in some loops and test codebase reading, debugging and judgment in others. What changed in 2026, what interviewers actually score, and a four-week plan to prepare.12 min read · Updated 6 Oct 2026